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Happiness Measures

Characteristics

Code:
O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b
Focus:
Overall: Satisfaction with Life one Leads (O-SLL)
Time frame:
time unspecified (u)
Mode:
1 question (sq)
Scale Type:
verbal scale (v)
Scale Range:
4

Description

Self report on single  question:

On the whole how satisfied are you with the life you lead?
4  very satisfied
3  fairly satisfied
2  not very satisfied
1  not at all satisfied
-  Don't know

List of Studies Using this Measure

Study Population N Mean
Standard Deviation Brown et al. (2019): study ZZ EU 13 1999 +15 general public 13 EU nations, 1999-2009 N = 207830
Mean
= 3.115
SD
= 0.710
 Blanchflower et al. (2013a): study ZZ EU28 1975 +18 aged, general public, 31European countries, 1975-2013 N = 3100
Eurobarometer (2010): study AT 2008 12+ aged, general public, Austria, 2008 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.949
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (2009): study AT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Austria, 2009 N = 1015
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.640
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study AT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Austria, 2009 N = 1030
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.647
 Eurobarometer (2009): study BE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2009 N = 983
Mean
= 3.250
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (2010): study BG 2008 12+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2008 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.196
SD
= 0.795
 Eurobarometer (2009): study BG 2009 12+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2009 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.255
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study BG 2009 12+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.192
SD
= 0.812
 Eurobarometer (2010): study HR 2008 12+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.810
SD
= 0.809
 Eurobarometer (2009): study HR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.763
SD
= 0.809
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study HR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.722
SD
= 0.822
 Eurobarometer (2010): study CY 2008 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2008 N = 503
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.749
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study CY 2009 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2009 N = 506
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (2009): study CY 2009 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2009 N = 505
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.749
 Eurobarometer (2010): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2008 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 2.485
SD
= 0.914
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2009 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 2.465
SD
= 0.902
 Eurobarometer (2009): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2009 12+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 2.515
SD
= 0.857
 Eurobarometer (2010): study CZ 2008 12+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2008 N = 1026
Mean
= 2.929
SD
= 0.573
 Eurobarometer (2009): study CZ 2009 12+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2009 N = 1094
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.645
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study CZ 2009 12+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2009 N = 1056
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.604
 Eurobarometer (2009): study DK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2009 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 0.508
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study DK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 0.514
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study EE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.654
 Eurobarometer (2009): study EE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.665
 Eurobarometer (2010): study FI 2008 12+ aged, general public, Finland, 2008 N = 1004
Mean
= 3.300
SD
= 0.557
 Eurobarometer (2009): study FI 2009 12+ aged, general public, Finland, 2009 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 0.584
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study FI 2009 12+ aged, general public, Finland, 2009 N = 1032
Mean
= 3.410
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (2010): study FR 2008 12+ aged, general public, France, 2008 N = 1027
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.728
 Eurobarometer (2009): study FR 2009 12+ aged, general public, France, 2009 N = 1083
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.693
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study FR 2009 12+ aged, general public, France, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.679
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study DE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Germany, 2009 N = 1514
Mean
= 3.061
SD
= 0.649
 Eurobarometer (2009): study DE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Germany, 2009 N = 1521
Mean
= 3.071
SD
= 0.700
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study GR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Greece, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.560
SD
= 0.779
 Eurobarometer (2009): study GR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Greece, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.320
SD
= 0.733
 Eurobarometer (2010): study HU 2008 12+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.330
SD
= 0.801
 Eurobarometer (2009): study HU 2009 12+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2009 N = 1004
Mean
= 2.300
SD
= 0.854
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study HU 2009 12+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2009 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.280
SD
= 0.826
 Eurobarometer (2010): study IE 2008 12+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.152
SD
= 0.687
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study IE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2009 N = 1011
Mean
= 3.121
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (2009): study IE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.253
SD
= 0.730
 Eurobarometer (2010): study IT 2008 12+ aged, general public, Italy, 2008 N = 1061
Mean
= 2.606
SD
= 0.708
 Eurobarometer (2009): study IT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Italy, 2009 N = 1036
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.722
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study IT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Italy, 2009 N = 1036
Mean
= 2.717
SD
= 0.697
 Eurobarometer (2010): study LV 2008 12+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.620
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (2009): study LV 2009 12+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.440
SD
= 0.852
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study LV 2009 12+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.540
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2010): study LT 2008 12+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2008 N = 1011
Mean
= 2.636
SD
= 0.784
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study LT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2009 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.520
SD
= 0.866
 Eurobarometer (2009): study LT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2009 N = 1016
Mean
= 2.610
SD
= 0.823
 Eurobarometer (2010): study LU 2008 12+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 3.280
SD
= 0.722
 Eurobarometer (2009): study LU 2009 12+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2009 N = 530
Mean
= 3.350
SD
= 0.589
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study LU 2009 12+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2009 N = 502
Mean
= 3.390
SD
= 0.564
 Eurobarometer (2010): study MK 2008 12+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2008 N = 1009
Mean
= 2.540
SD
= 0.932
 Eurobarometer (2009): study MK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.626
SD
= 0.905
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study MK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.590
SD
= 0.907
 Eurobarometer (2010): study MT 2008 12+ aged, general public, Malta, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 3.110
SD
= 0.760
 Eurobarometer (2009): study MT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Malta, 2009 N = 983
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.816
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study MT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Malta, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 2.869
SD
= 0.800
 Eurobarometer (2010): study PL 2008 12+ aged, general public, Poland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.828
SD
= 0.652
 Eurobarometer (2009): study PL 2009 12+ aged, general public, Poland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.897
SD
= 0.696
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study PL 2009 12+ aged, general public, Poland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.818
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (2010): study PT 2008 12+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.360
SD
= 0.742
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study PT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2009 N = 1025
Mean
= 2.450
SD
= 0.726
 Eurobarometer (2009): study PT 2009 12+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2009 N = 1010
Mean
= 2.404
SD
= 0.737
 Eurobarometer (2010): study RO 2008 12+ aged, general public, Romania, 2008 N = 1053
Mean
= 2.418
SD
= 0.755
 Eurobarometer (2009): study RO 2009 12+ aged, general public, Romania, 2009 N = 1012
Mean
= 2.374
SD
= 0.799
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study RO 2009 12+ aged, general public, Romania, 2009 N = 1021
Mean
= 2.354
SD
= 0.820
 Eurobarometer (2010): study SK 2008 12+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2008 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.719
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study SK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2009 N = 1040
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.712
 Eurobarometer (2009): study SK 2009 12+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2009 N = 1065
Mean
= 2.788
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (2010): study SI 2008 12+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2008 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.708
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study SI 2009 12+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2009 N = 1015
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (2009): study SI 2009 12+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2009 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.645
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study ES 2009 12+ aged, general public, Spain, 2009 N = 1020
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.711
 Eurobarometer (2009): study ES 2009 12+ aged, general public, Spain, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (2010): study SE 2008 12+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.440
SD
= 0.589
 Eurobarometer (2009): study SE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2009 N = 1068
Mean
= 3.430
SD
= 0.604
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study SE 2009 12+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2009 N = 1032
Mean
= 3.410
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (2010): study TR 2008 12+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2008 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.729
SD
= 0.941
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study TR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.566
SD
= 0.976
 Eurobarometer (2009): study TR 2009 12+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.616
SD
= 1.022
 Eurobarometer (2010): study GB 2008 12+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2008 N = 1308
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.694
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study GB 2009 12+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2009 N = 1322
Mean
= 3.310
SD
= 0.688
 Eurobarometer (2009): study GB 2009 12+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2009 N = 1352
Mean
= 3.240
SD
= 0.695
 Bjornskov (2014): study ZZ Europe 1975 14+ aged, 29 countries (EU member states and potential members), 1975-2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 2.999
SD
= 0.334
 Luechinger (2010): study ZZ Europe 1979 14+ aged, general public EU nations 1979-1994 N = 223982
Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Munster 1996 15 aged general public, Munster region, Germany, 1996 N = 245
Mean
= 3.082
SD
= 0.554
 Eurobarometer (2020): study AL 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Albania, 2020 N = 1043
Mean
= 2.370
SD
= 0.688
 Eurobarometer (2020): study AT 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Austria, 2020 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (2021): study AT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Austria, 2021 N = 1020
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.752
 Eurobarometer (2020): study BE 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Belgium, 2020 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.590
 Eurobarometer (2021): study BE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Belgium, 2021 N = 1060
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study BE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Belgium, 2021 N = 1007
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.549
 Eurobarometer (2020): study BG 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Bulgaria, 2020 N = 1057
Mean
= 2.400
SD
= 0.837
 Eurobarometer (2021): study BG 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Bulgaria, 2021 N = 1032
Mean
= 2.525
SD
= 0.730
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study BG 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Bulgaria, 2021 N = 1032
Mean
= 2.598
SD
= 0.741
 Eurobarometer (2020): study HR 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Croatia, 2020 N = 1030
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study HR 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Croatia, 2021 N = 1023
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.630
 Eurobarometer (2020): study CY 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Cyprus, 2020 N = 505
Mean
= 3.200
SD
= 0.663
 Eurobarometer (2021): study CY 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Cyprus, 2021 N = 505
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.698
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study CY 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Cyprus, 2021 N = 505
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.746
 Eurobarometer (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2020 N = 500
Mean
= 2.737
SD
= 0.970
 Eurobarometer (2020): study CZ 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Czechia, 2020 N = 1009
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2020): study DK 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Denmark, 2020 N = 990
Mean
= 3.710
SD
= 0.496
 Eurobarometer (2021): study DK 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Denmark, 2021 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.380
SD
= 0.645
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study DK 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Denmark, 2021 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.580
SD
= 0.551
 Eurobarometer (2020): study EE 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Estonia, 2020 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.567
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study EE 2021 /1 15+ Aged General Public, Estonia, 2021 N = 1021
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.555
 Eurobarometer (2021): study EE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Estonia, 2021 N = 1054
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.623
 Eurobarometer (2020): study FI 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Finland, 2020 N = 1028
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2021): study FI 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Finland, 2021 N = 1102
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.631
 Eurobarometer (2020): study FR 2020 15+ Aged General Public, France, 2020 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (2021): study FR 2021 15+ Aged General Public, France, 2021 N = 1020
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.757
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study FR 2021 15+ Aged General Public, France, 2021 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.726
 Eurobarometer (2020): study DE 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Germany, 2020 N = 1514
Mean
= 3.250
SD
= 0.622
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study DE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Germany, 2021 N = 1535
Mean
= 3.260
SD
= 0.594
 Eurobarometer (2021): study DE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Germany, 2021 N = 1575
Mean
= 3.232
SD
= 0.617
 Eurobarometer (2020): study GR 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Greece, 2020 N = 1016
Mean
= 2.600
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (2021): study GR 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Greece, 2021 N = 1058
Mean
= 2.500
SD
= 0.755
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study GR 2021 /1 15+ Aged General Public, Greece, 2021 N = 1015
Mean
= 2.680
SD
= 0.760
 Eurobarometer (2020): study HU 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Hungary, 2020 N = 1059
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.692
 Eurobarometer (2021): study HU 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Hungary, 2021 N = 1054
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.658
 Eurobarometer (2020): study IE 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Ireland, 2020 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.240
SD
= 0.618
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study IE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Ireland, 2021 N = 1017
Mean
= 3.150
SD
= 0.654
 Eurobarometer (2020): study IT 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Italy, 2020 N = 1027
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.702
 Eurobarometer (2021): study IT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Italy, 2021 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.560
SD
= 0.697
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study IT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Italy, 2021 N = 1026
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (2020): study LV 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Latvia, 2020 N = 996
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (2021): study LV 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Latvia, 2021 N = 1037
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.649
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study LV 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Latvia, 2021 N = 1045
Mean
= 2.860
SD
= 0.648
 Eurobarometer (2020): study LT 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Lithuania, 2020 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.685
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study LT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Lithuania, 2021 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.652
 Eurobarometer (2021): study LT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Lithuania, 2021 N = 1040
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.705
 Eurobarometer (2020): study LU 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Luxembourg, 2020 N = 550
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.693
 Eurobarometer (2021): study LU 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Luxembourg, 2021 N = 599
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (2020): study MK 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Macedonia, 2020 N = 1052
Mean
= 2.700
SD
= 0.831
 Eurobarometer (2020): study MT 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Malta, 2020 N = 502
Mean
= 3.172
SD
= 0.636
 Eurobarometer (2021): study MT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Malta, 2021 N = 535
Mean
= 3.111
SD
= 0.584
 Eurobarometer (2020): study ME 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Montenegro, 2020 N = 541
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.801
 Eurobarometer (2020): study NL 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Netherlands, 2020 N = 1004
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 0.556
 Eurobarometer (2021): study NL 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Netherlands, 2021 N = 1011
Mean
= 3.360
SD
= 0.625
 Eurobarometer (2020): study PL 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Poland, 2020 N = 1031
Mean
= 3.080
SD
= 0.611
 Eurobarometer (2021): study PL 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Poland, 2021 N = 1036
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.559
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study PL 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Poland, 2021 N = 1017
Mean
= 3.071
SD
= 0.555
 Eurobarometer (2020): study PT 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Portugal, 2020 N = 1056
Mean
= 2.240
SD
= 0.568
 Eurobarometer (2021): study PT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Portugal, 2021 N = 1100
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study PT 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Portugal, 2021 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.516
 Eurobarometer (2021): study RO 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Romania, 2021 N = 1033
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (2020): study RO 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Romenia, 2020 N = 1112
Mean
= 2.690
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (2020): study RS 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Serbia, 2020 N = 1073
Mean
= 2.540
SD
= 0.767
 Eurobarometer (2020): study SK 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Slovakia, 2020 N = 1077
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (2021): study SK 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Slovakia, 2021 N = 1138
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.705
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study SK 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Slovakia, 2021 N = 1011
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.714
 Eurobarometer (2020): study SI 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Slovenia, 2020 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.210
SD
= 0.637
 Eurobarometer (2021): study SI 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Slovenia, 2021 N = 1038
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.630
 Eurobarometer (2020): study ES 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Spain, 2020 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.628
 Eurobarometer (2021): study ES 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Spain, 2021 N = 1007
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.711
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study ES 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Spain, 2021 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.608
 Eurobarometer (2020): study SE 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Sweden, 2020 N = 1054
Mean
= 3.400
SD
= 0.548
 Eurobarometer (2021): study SE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Sweden, 2021 N = 1100
Mean
= 3.240
SD
= 0.665
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study SE 2021 15+ Aged General Public, Sweden, 2021 N = 1015
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 0.617
 Eurobarometer (2020): study TR 2020 15+ Aged General Public, Turkey, 2020 N = 1015
Mean
= 2.730
SD
= 0.870
 Eurobarometer (2020): study GB 2020 15+ Aged General Public, United KIngdom, 2020 N = 1154
Mean
= 3.210
SD
= 0.683
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study AT 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Austria, 2021 N = 1004
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.771
 Eurobarometer (2021): study HR 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Croatia, 2021 N = 1028
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.689
 Eurobarometer (2021): study CZ 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Czech Republlic,, 2021 N = 1100
Mean
= 3.080
SD
= 0.560
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study FI 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Finland, 2021 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.571
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study HU 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Hungary, 2021 N = 1021
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.652
 Eurobarometer (2021): study IE 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Ireland, 2021 N = 1094
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.676
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study LU 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Luxembourg, 2021 N = 514
Mean
= 3.310
SD
= 0.628
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study MT 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Malta, 2021 N = 502
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.561
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study NL 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Netherlands, 2021 N = 1033
Mean
= 3.430
SD
= 0.587
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study RO 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Romania, 2021 N = 1048
Mean
= 2.680
SD
= 0.733
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study SI 2021 15+ Aged General Public,Slovenia, 2021 N = 1027
Mean
= 3.210
SD
= 0.621
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Hainaut (Henegouwen) 1996 15+ aged general population, Hainaut (Henegouwen) general public, Belgium, 1996 N = 407
Mean
= 2.755
SD
= 0.856
 Brown et al. (2018): study ZZ EU 16 1983 15+ aged general public, 16 EU countries 1983-2013 N = 853482
Mean
= 3.072
SD
= 0.748
 Dolan et al. (2014): study ZZ Europe 2004 15+ aged general public, 25 European nations, 2004 N = 25000
Kavetsos & Koutroumpis (2011): study ZZ EU28 2005 15+ aged general public, 29 EU countries, 2005- 2008 N = 28000
Mean
= 2.910
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Alsace 1996 15+ aged general public, Alsace region, France, 1996 N = 182
Mean
= 2.946
SD
= 0.591
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Aquitaine 1996 15+ aged general public, Aquitaine region, Aquitaine region, France, 1996 N = 323
Mean
= 2.782
SD
= 0.783
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Aragon 1996 15+ aged general public, Aragon region, Spain, 1996 N = 199
Mean
= 2.962
SD
= 0.619
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Arnsberg 1996 15+ aged general public, Arnsberg region, Germany, 1996 N = 373
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Asturias 1996 15+ aged general public, Asturias region, Spain, 1996 N = 174
Mean
= 2.906
SD
= 0.566
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Auvergne 1996 15+ aged general public, Auvergne region, France, 1996 N = 151
Mean
= 2.441
SD
= 0.785
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Baleares 1996 15+ aged general public, Baleares region, Spain, 1996 N = 118
Mean
= 2.826
SD
= 0.662
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Berlin 1996 15+ aged general public, Berlin region, Germany, 1996 N = 527
Mean
= 2.657
SD
= 0.719
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Bourgogne 1996 15+ aged general public, Bourgogne region, France, 1996 N = 182
Mean
= 2.753
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Brabant Wallon (Waals Brabant) 1996 15+ aged general public, Brabant Wallon (Waals Brabant) region, Belgium, 1996 N = 124
Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Braunschweig 1996 15+ aged general public, Braunschweig region, Germany, 1996 N = 166
Mean
= 3.029
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Bremen 1996 15+ aged general public, Bremen region, Germany, 1996 N = 69
Mean
= 2.911
SD
= 0.756
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Bretagne 1996 15+ aged general public, Bretagne region, France, 1996 N = 315
Mean
= 2.916
SD
= 0.597
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Bruxelles (Brussel) 1996 15+ aged general public, Bruxelles (Brussel) region, Belgium, 1996 N = 308
Mean
= 3.049
SD
= 0.613
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Burgenland 1996 15+ aged general public, Burgenland region Austria, 1996 N = 93
Mean
= 3.279
SD
= 0.744
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Canarias 1996 15+ aged general public, Canarias region, Spain, 1996 N = 237
Mean
= 2.923
SD
= 0.775
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Cantabria 1996 15+ aged general public, Cantabria region, Spain, 1996 N = 93
Mean
= 2.942
SD
= 0.503
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Castilla Leon 1996 15+ aged general public, Castilla Leon region, Spain, 1996 N = 405
Mean
= 2.888
SD
= 0.659
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Castilla-Mancha 1996 15+ aged general public, Castilla-Mancha region, Spain, 1996 N = 268
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.697
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Cataluna 1996 15+ aged general public, Cataluna region, Spain, 1996 N = 991
Mean
= 2.874
SD
= 0.683
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Centre 1996 15+ aged general public, Centre region, France, 1996 N = 268
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.780
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Champagne-Ardenne 1996 15+ aged general public, Champagne-Ardenne region, France, 1996 N = 148
Mean
= 2.677
SD
= 0.775
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Darmstadt 1996 15+ aged general public, Darmstadt region, Germany, 1996 N = 365
Mean
= 3.017
SD
= 0.617
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Dessau 1996 15+ aged general public, Dessau region, Germany, 1996 N = 130
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.726
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Detmold 1996 15+ aged general public, Detmold region, Germany, 1996 N = 190
Mean
= 3.182
SD
= 0.507
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IE Donegal 1996 15+ aged general public, Donegal region, Ireland, 1996 N = 117
Mean
= 3.205
SD
= 0.654
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Düsseldorf 1996 15+ aged general public, Düsseldorf region, Germany, 1996 N = 527
Mean
= 3.031
SD
= 0.681
 Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 1999 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 1999 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 1999 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 1999 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2000 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2000 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2000 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2000 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2001 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2001 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2001 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2001 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2002 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2002 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2002 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2002 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2003 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2003 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2006 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2006 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2006 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2006 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2007 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2007 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2008 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2008 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2009 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2009 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2010 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2010 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2011 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2011 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2012 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2012 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2013 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2013 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2014 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2014 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2015 /2 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2015 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2015 /1 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2015 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2016 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2016 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2017 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2017 N = 22500
Bergsma (2022): study ZZ EU 15 2019 15+ aged general public, EU15 nations 2019 N = 22500
Baltatescu (2006c): study ZZ Eastern Europe 2001 15+ aged general public, Eastern European countries 2001-2005 N = 11000
Baltatescu (2010): study ZZ Eastern Europe 2001 15+ aged general public, Eastern European countries 2001-2008 N = 80000
Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Etelä-Karjala 1996 15+ aged general public, Etelä-Karjala region, Finland, 1996 N = 96
Mean
= 3.177
SD
= 0.579
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Etelä-Pohjanmaa 1996 15+ aged general public, Etelä-Pohjanmaa region, Finland 1996 N = 123
Mean
= 3.143
SD
= 0.610
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Etelä-Savo 1996 15+ aged general public, Etelä-Savo region, Finland, 1996 N = 125
Mean
= 3.267
SD
= 0.564
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Extremadura 1996 15+ aged general public, Extremadura region, Spain, 1996 N = 168
Mean
= 2.911
SD
= 0.678
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Franche-Comte 1996 15+ aged general public, Franche-Comte region, France, 1996 N = 122
Mean
= 2.775
SD
= 0.711
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DK Fyn county 1996 15+ aged general public, Fyn county, Denmark, 1996 N = 271
Mean
= 3.644
SD
= 0.559
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Galicia 1996 15+ aged general public, Galicia region, Spain, 1996 N = 442
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.587
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Mittelfranken 1996 15+ aged general public, Germany, Mittelfranken, 1996 N = 162
Mean
= 3.081
SD
= 0.695
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Giessen 1996 15+ aged general public, Giessen region, Germany, 1996 N = 102
Mean
= 2.963
SD
= 0.747
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Gwent, Mid-S-W Glamorgan 1996 15+ aged general public, Gwent,Mid-S-W Glamorgan region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 181
Mean
= 3.043
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Halle Sachsen Anhalt 1996 15+ aged general public, Halle Sachsen Anhalt region, Germany, 1996 N = 223
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.700
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Hannover 1996 15+ aged general public, Hannover region, Germany, 1996 N = 211
Mean
= 3.089
SD
= 0.651
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Haute-Normandie 1996 15+ aged general public, Haute-Normandie region, France, 1996 N = 189
Mean
= 2.727
SD
= 0.799
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Hämeen (in Southern Finland, in Päijänne Tavastland) 1996 15+ aged general public, Hämeen (in Southern Finland, in Päijänne Tavastland) region, Finland, 1996 N = 98
Mean
= 3.183
SD
= 0.614
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GR Ipeiros (Epirus) 1996 15+ aged general public, Ipeiros (Epirus) region, Greece, 1996 N = 141
Mean
= 2.703
SD
= 0.736
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DK Jylland 1996 15+ aged general public, Jylland region, Denmark, 1996 N = 1418
Mean
= 3.653
SD
= 0.527
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Kainuu 1996 15+ aged general public, Kainuu region, Finland, 1996 N = 83
Mean
= 3.180
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Kassel 1996 15+ aged general public, Kassel region, Germany, 1996 N = 123
Mean
= 2.944
SD
= 0.714
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Keski-Suomi 1996 15+ aged general public, Keski-Suomi region, Finland, 1996 N = 211
Mean
= 3.234
SD
= 0.517
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Koln 1996 15+ aged general public, Koln region, Germany, 1996 N = 407
Mean
= 3.047
SD
= 0.643
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Kärnten 1996 15+ aged general public, Kärnten region, Austria, 1996 N = 218
Mean
= 3.209
SD
= 0.614
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DK Hovenstaden (Capital region, København) 1996 15+ aged general public, København region, Denmark, 1996 N = 1061
Mean
= 3.616
SD
= 0.553
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Languedoc-Roussillon 1996 15+ aged general public, Languedoc-Roussillon region, France, 1996 N = 246
Mean
= 2.841
SD
= 0.878
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Lappi 1996 15+ aged general public, Lappi region, Finland, 1996 N = 102
Mean
= 3.181
SD
= 0.757
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Leicestershire, Northamptonshire 1996 15+ aged general public, Leicestershire,Northamptonshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 153
Mean
= 3.227
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Limburg 1996 15+ aged general public, Limburg region, Belgium, 1996 N = 237
Mean
= 3.319
SD
= 0.647
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Limousin 1996 15+ aged general public, Limousin region, France, 1996 N = 85
Mean
= 2.646
SD
= 0.734
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Liège (Luik) 1996 15+ aged general public, Liège (Luik) region, Belgium, 1996 N = 320
Mean
= 3.004
SD
= 0.633
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IT Lombardia 1996 15+ aged general public, Lombardia region, Italy, 1996 N = 554
Mean
= 2.981
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Luneburg 1996 15+ aged general public, Luneburg region, Germany, 1996 N = 151
Mean
= 2.811
SD
= 0.733
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Luxembourg 1996 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg region, Belgium, 1996 N = 74
Mean
= 2.947
SD
= 0.528
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Madrid 1996 15+ aged general public, Madrid region, Spain, 1996 N = 797
Mean
= 2.884
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Magdeburg Sachsen Anhalt 1996 15+ aged general public, Magdeburg Sachsen Anhalt region, Germany, 1996 N = 270
Mean
= 2.731
SD
= 0.688
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Midi-Pyrenees 1996 15+ aged general public, Midi-Pyrenees region, France, 1996 N = 283
Mean
= 2.850
SD
= 0.667
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Murcia 1996 15+ aged general public, Murcia region, Spain, 1996 N = 162
Mean
= 2.830
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Namur (Namen) 1996 15+ aged general public, Namur (Namen) region, Belgium, 1996 N = 135
Mean
= 2.918
SD
= 0.778
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Navarra 1996 15+ aged general public, Navarra region, Spain, 1996 N = 81
Mean
= 2.935
SD
= 0.534
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Niederösterreich 1996 15+ aged general public, Niederösterreich region, Austria, 1996 N = 591
Mean
= 3.115
SD
= 0.687
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GR Nisia Anatolikou Aigaiou (Argean Islands) 1996 15+ aged general public, Nisia Anatolikou Aigaiou (Argean Islands) region, Greece, 1996 N = 129
Mean
= 2.604
SD
= 0.582
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IE North east (Cavan / Moanghan / Louth) 1996 15+ aged general public, North-east (Cavan / Moanghan / Louth) region, Ireland, 1996 N = 182
Mean
= 3.267
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Oberbayern 1996 15+ aged general public, Oberbayern region, Germany, 1996 N = 390
Mean
= 3.154
SD
= 0.619
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Oberfranken 1996 15+ aged general public, Oberfranken region,Germany, 1996 N = 107
Mean
= 3.004
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Oberpfalz 1996 15+ aged general public, Oberpfalz, Germany, 1996 N = 100
Mean
= 2.916
SD
= 0.599
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Oberösterreich 1996 15+ aged general public, Oberösterreich region, Austria, 1996 N = 529
Mean
= 3.158
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Oost-Vlaanderen, East Flanders 1996 15+ aged general public, Oost-Vlaanderen, East Flanders region, Belgium, 1996 N = 433
Mean
= 3.072
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Pais Vasco 1996 15+ aged general public, Pais Vasco region, Spain, 1996 N = 336
Mean
= 2.969
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Pirkanmaa 1996 15+ aged general public, Pirkanmaa region, Finland, 1996 N = 279
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.592
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Pohjois-Karjala 1996 15+ aged general public, Pohjois-Karjala region, Finland, 1996 N = 114
Mean
= 3.134
SD
= 0.645
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Pohjois-Savo 1996 15+ aged general public, Pohjois-Savo region, Finland, 1996 N = 160
Mean
= 3.067
SD
= 0.666
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Rheinhessen-Pfalz 1996 15+ aged general public, Rheinhessen-Pfalz region, Germany, 1996 N = 191
Mean
= 2.942
SD
= 0.862
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Sachsen 1996 15+ aged general public, Sachsen region, Germany, 1996 N = 1040
Mean
= 2.815
SD
= 0.640
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Salzburg 1996 15+ aged general public, Salzburg region, Austria, 1996 N = 186
Mean
= 3.287
SD
= 0.576
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Schleswig-Holstein 1996 15+ aged general public, Schleswig-Holstein region, Germany, 1996 N = 266
Mean
= 3.011
SD
= 0.648
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Schwaben 1996 15+ aged general public, Schwaben region, Germany, 1996 N = 164
Mean
= 3.129
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DK Sjaelland, Lolland-Falster 1996 15+ aged general public, Sjaelland, Lolland-Falster region,Denmark, 1996 N = 349
Mean
= 3.659
SD
= 0.527
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Steiermark 1996 15+ aged general public, Steiermark region, Austria, 1996 N = 498
Mean
= 3.184
SD
= 0.634
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Sudbaden 1996 15+ aged general public, Sudbaden region, Germany, 1996 N = 199
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study NL 2013 /1 15+ aged general public, The Netherlands, 2013 N = 1019
Mean
= 3.360
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Tirol 1996 15+ aged general public, Tirol region, Austria, 1996 N = 249
Mean
= 3.089
SD
= 0.874
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IT Umbria 1996 15+ aged general public, Umbria, Italy, 1996 N = 85
Mean
= 2.879
SD
= 0.726
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Unterfranken 1996 15+ aged general public, Unterfranken region,Germany, 1996 N = 125
Mean
= 3.174
SD
= 0.582
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Uusimaa (region around Helsinki) 1996 15+ aged general public, Uusimaa (region around Helsinki) region, Finland, 1996 N = 843
Mean
= 3.152
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Vaasan Rannikkoseutu 1996 15+ aged general public, Vaasan Rannikkoseutu region, Finland, 1996 N = 119
Mean
= 3.237
SD
= 0.590
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FI Varsi nais Suomi 1996 15+ aged general public, Varsi nais Suomi region, Finland, 1996 N = 302
Mean
= 3.065
SD
= 0.655
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Vlaams Brabant 1996 15+ aged general public, Vlaams Brabant region, Belgium, 1996 N = 295
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.493
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Vorarlberg 1996 15+ aged general public, Vorarlberg region, Austria, 1996 N = 125
Mean
= 3.458
SD
= 0.546
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Weser-EMS 1996 15+ aged general public, Weser-EMS region, Germany, 1996 N = 218
Mean
= 3.017
SD
= 0.723
 Eurobarometer (1996): study AT Wien 1996 15+ aged general public, Wien region, Austria, 1996 N = 623
Mean
= 3.135
SD
= 0.659
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Île de France (Paris) 1996 15+ aged general public, Île de France (Paris) region, France, 1996 N = 1200
Mean
= 2.813
SD
= 0.746
 Eurobarometer (1996): study DE Brandenburg 1996 15+ aged general public,Brandenburg, Germany, 1996 N = 557
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.678
 Eurobarometer (2022): study ZZ EU 27 2022 15+ aged, 27 EU nations, 2021 N = 27000
Patino et al. (2021): study ZZ EU 27 2005 15+ aged, 27 European nations, 2005-2019 N = 691781
Mean
= 2.889
 Michel et al. (2019): study ZZ EU 27 1980 15+ aged, 27 nations, Europe, 1980-2011 N = 900000
Bjornskov (2014): study ZZ EU 27 1975 15+ aged, 29 EU nations, 2007-2010 N = 150000
Mean
= 2.300
SD
= 0.330
 Odermatt & Stutzer (2014): study ZZ Europe 1990 15+ aged, 41 European countries and regions 1990-2011 N = 629930
Mean
= 3.048
SD
= 0.742
 Eurobarometer (2022): study AL 2022 15+ aged, Albania, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.540
SD
= 0.713
 Eurobarometer (2022): study AT 2022 15+ aged, Austria, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.080
SD
= 0.673
 Eurobarometer (2022): study BE 2022 15+ aged, Belgium, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.615
 Eurobarometer (2022): study BA 2022 15+ aged, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.725
 Eurobarometer (2022): study BG 2022 15+ aged, Bulgaria, 2022 N = 1000
Eurobarometer (2022): study HR 2022 15+ aged, Croatia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.665
 Eurobarometer (2022): study CY 2022 15+ aged, Cyprus, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.676
 Eurobarometer (2022): study CZ 2022 15+ aged, Czech Republik, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.585
 Eurobarometer (2022): study DK 2022 15+ aged, Denmark, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 0.570
 Eurobarometer (2022): study EE 2022 15+ aged, Estonia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.560
 Eurobarometer (2022): study FI 2022 15+ aged, Finland, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.578
 Eurobarometer (2022): study FR 2022 15+ aged, France, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.711
 Eurobarometer (2022): study GR 2022 15+ aged, Greece, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.530
SD
= 0.768
 Eurobarometer (2022): study GR 2022 /1 15+ aged, Hungary, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.585
 Eurobarometer (2022): study IS 2022 15+ aged, Iceland, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.290
SD
= 0.683
 Eurobarometer (2022): study IE 2022 15+ aged, Ireland, 2022 N = 1000
Eurobarometer (2022): study IT 2022 15+ aged, Italy, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.730
SD
= 0.646
 Eurobarometer (2022): study LV 2022 15+ aged, Latvia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (2022): study LT 2022 15+ aged, Lithunia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.699
 Eurobarometer (2022): study LU 2022 15+ aged, Luxemburg, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2022): study MT 2022 15+ aged, Malta, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (2022): study ME 2022 15+ aged, Montenegro, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.736
 Eurobarometer (2022): study NL 2022 15+ aged, Netherlands, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.490
SD
= 0.557
 Eurobarometer (2022): study MK 2022 15+ aged, North Macedonia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.660
SD
= 0.790
 Eurobarometer (2022): study NO 2022 15+ aged, Norway, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (2022): study PL 2022 15+ aged, Poland, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (2022): study PT 2022 15+ aged, Portugal, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.860
SD
= 0.548
 Eurobarometer (2022): study RO 2022 15+ aged, Romania, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.610
SD
= 0.720
 Eurobarometer (2022): study RS 2022 15+ aged, Serbia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.680
SD
= 0.798
 Eurobarometer (2022): study SK 2022 15+ aged, Slovakia, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.786
 Eurobarometer (2022): study SI 2022 15+ aged, Slovenia, 2022 N = 1000
Eurobarometer (2022): study ES 2022 15+ aged, Spain, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.622
 Eurobarometer (2022): study SE 2022 15+ aged, Sweden, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2022): study CH 2022 15+ aged, Switzerland, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.390
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2022): study TR 2022 15+ aged, Turkiye, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.620
SD
= 0.925
 Eurobarometer (2022): study GB 2022 15+ aged, UK, 2022 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.110
SD
= 0.677
 Welsch (2006): study ZZ EU 10 1990 15+ aged, general public 10 EU nations 1990-1997 N = 240000
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.340
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study ZZ EU 15 2002 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2002 N = 15987
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.685
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study ZZ EU 15 2003 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2003 N = 16082
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.719
 Eurobarometer (2006): study ZZ EU 15 2006 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2006 N = 15448
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.695
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study ZZ EU 15 2006 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.061
SD
= 0.694
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study ZZ EU 15 2007 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.698
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study ZZ EU 27 2007 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.724
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study ZZ EU 9 2004 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2004 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2019a): study AT 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Austria, 2019 N = 1018
Mean
= 3.212
SD
= 0.640
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study BE 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Belgium, 2019 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.617
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study BG 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Bulgaria, 2019 N = 1039
Mean
= 2.490
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study HR 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Croatia, 2019 N = 1013
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.765
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study CY 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Cyprus, 2019 N = 505
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.687
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study DK 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Denmark, 2019 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 0.527
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study ZZ EU28 2019 15+ aged, general public, , EU28, 2019 N = 27382
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.705
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study EE 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Estonia, 2019 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study FI 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Finland, 2019 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.310
SD
= 0.595
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study FR 2019 15+ aged, general public, , France, 2019 N = 1014
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.685
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study DE 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Germany, 2019 N = 1540
Mean
= 3.250
SD
= 0.606
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study HU 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Hungary, 2019 N = 1011
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.653
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study IE 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Ireland, 2019 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.300
SD
= 0.608
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study IT 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Italy, 2019 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.679
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study LV 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Latvia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.686
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study LT 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Lithuania, 2019 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.739
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study LU 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Luxembourg, 2019 N = 510
Mean
= 3.360
SD
= 0.592
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study MT 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Malta, 2019 N = 501
Mean
= 3.130
SD
= 0.523
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study NL 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Netherlands, 2019 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.510
SD
= 0.574
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study PL 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Poland, 2019 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study PT 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Portugal, 2019 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.610
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study RO 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Romania, 2019 N = 1058
Mean
= 2.630
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study SK 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Slovakia, 2019 N = 1007
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.650
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study SI 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Slovenia, 2019 N = 1007
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.549
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study ES 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Spain, 2019 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.110
SD
= 0.615
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study SE 2019 15+ aged, general public, , Sweden, 2019 N = 1023
Mean
= 3.420
SD
= 0.569
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study GB 2019 15+ aged, general public, , United Kingdom, 2019 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.320
SD
= 0.662
 Pacek & Radcliff (2008): study ZZ Western Europe 1975 15+ aged, general public, 11 West European nations, 1975-2002 N = 400000
Okulicz-Kozaryn (2012): study ZZ EU 25 1996 15+ aged, general public, 188 West European provinces, 1996 N = 65178
Okulicz-Kozaryn (2010): study ZZ 1996 15+ aged, general public, 188 West European provinces, 1996 N = 65178
Castellacci & Schwabe (2018): study ZZ EU 27 2010 15+ aged, general public, 27 EU nations, 2010-2013 N = 100000
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.820
 Hills et al. (2015): study ZZ Europe 1973 15+ aged, general public, 5 EU nations, 1973-2009 N = 119
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.180
 Veenhoven & Hagerty (2006): study ZZ Europe 1973 15+ aged, general public, 8 EU member states, 1973 - 2004 N = 150000
Eurobarometer (1996): study PT Acores 1996 15+ aged, general public, Acores region, Portugal, 1996 N = 77
Mean
= 2.739
SD
= 0.760
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study AL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2014 N = 1064
Mean
= 2.560
SD
= 0.852
 Eurobarometer (2015): study AL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.620
SD
= 0.822
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study AL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2015 N = 1014
Mean
= 2.667
SD
= 0.752
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study AL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2015 N = 1041
Mean
= 2.684
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study AL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2016 N = 1036
Mean
= 2.434
SD
= 0.848
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study AL 2017 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2017 N = 1083
Mean
= 2.662
SD
= 0.825
 Eurobarometer (2017): study AL 2017 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2017 N = 1050
Mean
= 2.640
SD
= 0.742
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study AL 2019 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2019 N = 1046
Mean
= 2.570
SD
= 0.604
 Eurobarometer (2018): study AL 2018 15+ aged, general public, Albania,2018 N = 1048
Mean
= 2.700
SD
= 0.671
 Eurobarometer (1996): study PT Alentejo 1996 15+ aged, general public, Alentejo region, Portugal, 1996 N = 170
Mean
= 2.704
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (1996): study PT Algarve (Faro) 1996 15+ aged, general public, Algarve (Faro) region, Portugal, 1996 N = 112
Mean
= 2.694
SD
= 0.645
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GR Anatolii Steea kai Nissia (also Greater Athens) 1996 15+ aged, general public, Anatolii Steea kai Nissia (also Greater Athens) region, Greece, 1996 N = 1332
Mean
= 2.601
SD
= 0.775
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GR Anatoliki makedonia (East Macedonia) 1996 15+ aged, general public, Anatoliki makedonia (East Macedonia) region, Greece, 1996 N = 133
Mean
= 2.665
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ES Andalucia 1996 15+ aged, general public, Andalucia, Spain, 1996 N = 1090
Mean
= 2.759
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (1996): study BE Antwerpen 1996 15+ aged, general public, Antwerpen region, Belgium, 1996 N = 516
Mean
= 3.248
SD
= 0.595
 Eurobarometer (2000b): study AT 2000 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2000 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.062
SD
= 0.674
 Eurobarometer (2002): study AT 2001 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2001 N = 999
Mean
= 3.133
SD
= 0.665
 Eurobarometer (2001): study AT 2001 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2001 N = 1035
Mean
= 3.092
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study AT 2002 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2002 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.134
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study AT 2002 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.113
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study AT 2003 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2003 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.083
SD
= 0.672
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study AT 2004 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2004 N = 1007
Mean
= 3.071
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (2005): study AT 2005 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.051
SD
= 0.592
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study AT 2005 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2005 N = 1020
Mean
= 3.051
SD
= 0.657
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study AT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2006 N = 1016
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.603
 Eurobarometer (2006): study AT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2006 N = 1017
Mean
= 3.081
SD
= 0.630
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study AT 2007 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2007 N = 1011
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.603
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study AT 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2007 N = 1015
Mean
= 3.071
SD
= 0.590
 Eurobarometer (2008): study AT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.620
 Eurobarometer (2011): study AT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.635
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study AT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.071
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study AT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.651
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study AT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2011 N = 1018
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.597
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study AT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.622
 Eurobarometer (2012): study AT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.647
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study AT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2013 N = 1032
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.656
 Eurobarometer (2013): study AT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2013 N = 999
Mean
= 3.051
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (2014): study AT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.290
SD
= 0.637
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study AT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2014 N = 1032
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study AT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2015 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.680
 Eurobarometer (2015): study AT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2015 N = 1032
Mean
= 3.110
SD
= 0.662
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study AT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2016 N = 1025
Mean
= 3.074
SD
= 0.734
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study AT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2016 N = 1026
Mean
= 3.176
SD
= 0.675
 Eurobarometer (2017): study AT 2017 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2017 N = 1016
Mean
= 3.212
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study AT 2017 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.213
SD
= 0.662
 Eurobarometer (2018): study AT 2018 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2018 N = 1039
Mean
= 3.290
SD
= 0.637
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Avon,Gloucestershire,Wiltshire 1996 15+ aged, general public, Avon,Gloucestershire,Wiltshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 217
Mean
= 3.302
SD
= 0.619
 Eurobarometer (1996): study FR Basse-Normandie 1996 15+ aged, general public, Basse-Normandie region, France, 1996 N = 154
Mean
= 2.727
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Buckinghamshire 1996 15+ aged, general public, Bedfordshire,Hertfordshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 204
Mean
= 3.202
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Bedfordshire,Hertfordshire 1996 15+ aged, general public, Bedfordshire,Hertfordshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 157
Mean
= 3.206
SD
= 0.654
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1973 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1973 N = 1266
Mean
= 3.379
SD
= 0.651
 Eurobarometer (1975a): study BE 1975 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1975 N = 1555
Mean
= 3.306
SD
= 0.661
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1975 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1975 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.206
SD
= 0.750
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1975 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1975 N = 1554
Mean
= 3.304
SD
= 0.651
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1976 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1976 N = 963
Mean
= 3.230
SD
= 0.720
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1976 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1976 N = 1078
Mean
= 3.304
SD
= 0.669
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1977 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1977 N = 988
Mean
= 3.259
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1977 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1977 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.358
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (2004b): study BE 1978 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1978 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.245
SD
= 0.701
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1978 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1978 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.340
SD
= 0.713
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1979 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1979 N = 983
Mean
= 3.320
SD
= 0.694
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1980 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1980 N = 1009
Mean
= 3.210
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1981 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1981 N = 949
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.743
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1982 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1982 N = 1210
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.765
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1982 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1982 N = 1020
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.707
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1983 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1983 N = 995
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.709
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1983 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1983 N = 1038
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1984 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1984 N = 1035
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.712
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1984 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1984 N = 1018
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.882
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1985 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1985 N = 1011
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.702
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1985 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1985 N = 1016
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.683
 Eurobarometer (1986): study BE 1986 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1986 N = 1007
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1986 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1986 N = 999
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1987 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1987 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1987 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1987 N = 1018
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.746
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1988 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1988 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1988 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1988 N = 1024
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1989 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1989 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.130
SD
= 0.737
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1989 /2 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1989 N = 2000
Mean
= 3.150
SD
= 0.654
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1990 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1990 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.701
 Eurobarometer (1991): study BE 1990 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1990 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.676
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study BE 1991 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1991 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.280
SD
= 0.679
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study BE 1991 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1991 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study BE 1992 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1992 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.652
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study BE 1992 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1992 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.682
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study BE 1993 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1993 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study BE 1993 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1993 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.070
SD
= 0.728
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study BE 1994 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1994 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.669
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study BE 1994 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1994 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (1997): study BE 1997 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 1997 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.753
 Eurobarometer (2000b): study BE 2000 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2000 N = 1048
Mean
= 3.081
SD
= 0.677
 Eurobarometer (1997): study BE 2000 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2000 N = 1063
Mean
= 2.943
SD
= 0.719
 Eurobarometer (2001): study BE 2001 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2001 N = 1047
Mean
= 3.112
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (2002): study BE 2001 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2001 N = 1007
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.628
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study BE 2002 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2002 N = 1037
Mean
= 2.919
SD
= 0.630
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study BE 2002 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2002 N = 1045
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.620
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study BE 2003 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2003 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.695
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study BE 2004 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2004 N = 974
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.657
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study BE 2005 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.152
SD
= 0.687
 Eurobarometer (2005): study BE 2005 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.178
SD
= 0.709
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study BE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2006 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.210
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (2006): study BE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2006 N = 1020
Mean
= 3.212
SD
= 0.640
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study BE 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2007 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.688
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study BE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2007 N = 1011
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.674
 Eurobarometer (2010): study BE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.697
 Eurobarometer (2008): study BE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.725
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study BE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.679
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study BE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2010 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.674
 Eurobarometer (2011): study BE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2010 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.150
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study BE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2011 N = 1028
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.686
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study BE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2011 N = 1020
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (2012): study BE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2012 N = 1076
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study BE 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2012 N = 1031
Mean
= 3.150
SD
= 0.669
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study BE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2013 N = 1063
Mean
= 3.240
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (2013): study BE 2013 /2 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2013 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.642
 Eurobarometer (2013): study BE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2013 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.642
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study BE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.633
 Eurobarometer (2014): study BE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2014 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.230
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2015): study BE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2015 N = 1014
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.669
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study BE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2015 N = 1031
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.742
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study BE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2016 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.192
SD
= 0.587
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study BE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2016 N = 1004
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.629
 Eurobarometer (2017): study BE 2017 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2017 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.606
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study BE 2017 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2017 N = 1025
Mean
= 3.192
SD
= 0.581
 Eurobarometer (2018): study BE 2018 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2018 N = 1028
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.633
 Eurobarometer (2019): study BE 2019 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2019 N = 1057
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.571
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Borders,Central,Fife,Lothian,Tayside 1996 15+ aged, general public, Borders,Central,Fife,Lothian,Tayside region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 196
Mean
= 3.197
SD
= 0.618
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study BG 2004 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2004 N = 1004
Mean
= 2.061
SD
= 0.839
 Eurobarometer (2005): study BG 2005 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.020
SD
= 0.804
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study BG 2005 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.051
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study BG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2006 N = 1035
Mean
= 2.172
SD
= 0.817
 Eurobarometer (2006): study BG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2006 N = 1015
Mean
= 1.990
SD
= 0.772
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study BG 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2007 N = 977
Mean
= 2.237
SD
= 0.784
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study BG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2007 N = 1039
Mean
= 2.162
SD
= 0.788
 Eurobarometer (2008): study BG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.222
SD
= 0.859
 Eurobarometer (2011): study BG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.194
SD
= 0.791
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study BG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.196
SD
= 0.820
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study BG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.194
SD
= 0.804
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study BG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2011 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.222
SD
= 0.760
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study BG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2012 N = 1020
Mean
= 2.242
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2012): study BG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2012 N = 1016
Mean
= 2.224
SD
= 0.815
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study BG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2013 N = 1027
Mean
= 2.131
SD
= 0.849
 Eurobarometer (2013): study BG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2013 N = 1029
Mean
= 2.081
SD
= 0.825
 Eurobarometer (2014): study BG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2014 N = 1074
Mean
= 2.250
SD
= 0.829
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study BG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2014 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.323
SD
= 0.789
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study BG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2015 N = 1035
Mean
= 2.323
SD
= 0.802
 Eurobarometer (2015): study BG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2015 N = 1063
Mean
= 2.330
SD
= 0.861
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study BG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2016 N = 1012
Mean
= 2.416
SD
= 0.835
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study BG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2016 N = 1024
Mean
= 2.331
SD
= 0.839
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study BG 2017 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2017 N = 1032
Mean
= 2.392
SD
= 0.832
 Eurobarometer (2017): study BG 2017 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2017 N = 1051
Mean
= 2.454
SD
= 0.850
 Eurobarometer (2018): study BG 2018 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2018 N = 1048
Mean
= 2.417
SD
= 0.825
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IT Calabria 1996 15+ aged, general public, Calabria region, Italy, 1996 N = 221
Mean
= 2.795
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (1996): study PT PT Centro 1996 15+ aged, general public, Central region, Portugal, 1996 N = 563
Mean
= 2.714
SD
= 0.680
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Cheshire 1996 15+ aged, general public, Cheshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 100
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Cleveland, Durham 1996 15+ aged, general public, Cleveland,Durham region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 119
Mean
= 3.298
SD
= 0.594
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwynedd,P owys 1996 15+ aged, general public, Clwyd,Dyfed,Gwynedd,Powys region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 117
Mean
= 3.179
SD
= 0.683
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Cornwall UA 1996 15+ aged, general public, Cornwall,Devon region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 160
Mean
= 3.280
SD
= 0.607
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study HR 2004 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2004 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.788
SD
= 0.782
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study HR 2005 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.810
SD
= 0.771
 Eurobarometer (2005): study HR 2005 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.710
SD
= 0.840
 Eurobarometer (2006): study HR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.778
SD
= 0.786
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study HR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.822
SD
= 0.825
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study HR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.828
SD
= 0.766
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study HR 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.838
SD
= 0.800
 Eurobarometer (2008): study HR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.778
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study HR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.825
SD
= 0.837
 Eurobarometer (2011): study HR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.784
SD
= 0.828
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study HR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.826
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study HR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.758
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study HR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.747
SD
= 0.783
 Eurobarometer (2012): study HR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.758
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2013): study HR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.730
SD
= 0.798
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study HR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.798
SD
= 0.816
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study HR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2014 N = 1027
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.844
 Eurobarometer (2014): study HR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2014 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.720
SD
= 0.838
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study HR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2015 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.783
 Eurobarometer (2015): study HR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2015 N = 1008
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.791
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study HR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2016 N = 1030
Mean
= 2.800
SD
= 0.789
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study HR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2016 N = 1062
Mean
= 2.786
SD
= 0.800
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study HR 2017 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2017 N = 1024
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.806
 Eurobarometer (2017): study HR 2017 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2017 N = 1094
Mean
= 2.737
SD
= 0.773
 Eurobarometer (2018): study HR 2018 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2018 N = 1056
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.736
 Eurobarometer (2019): study HR 2019 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2019 N = 1014
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study CY 2004 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2004 N = 500
Mean
= 3.317
SD
= 0.744
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study CY 2005 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.180
SD
= 0.740
 Eurobarometer (2005): study CY 2005 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (2006): study CY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 507
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 0.749
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study CY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 503
Mean
= 3.162
SD
= 0.662
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study CY 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2007 N = 500
Mean
= 3.120
SD
= 0.752
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study CY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2007 N = 502
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (2008): study CY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2008 N = 504
Mean
= 3.200
SD
= 0.663
 Eurobarometer (2011): study CY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2010 N = 504
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.781
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study CY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2010 N = 507
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (2011): study CY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2011 N = 504
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.843
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study CY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2011 N = 501
Mean
= 3.070
SD
= 0.803
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study CY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2012 N = 503
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.920
 Eurobarometer (2012): study CY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2012 N = 505
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.824
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study CY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2013 N = 503
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.882
 Eurobarometer (2013): study CY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2013 N = 505
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.901
 Eurobarometer (2014): study CY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.873
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study CY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study CY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2015 N = 500
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.766
 Eurobarometer (2015): study CY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2015 N = 500
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study CY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2016 N = 502
Mean
= 3.092
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study CY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2016 N = 500
Mean
= 3.024
SD
= 0.721
 Eurobarometer (2017): study CY 2017 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2017 N = 500
Mean
= 3.220
SD
= 0.701
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study CY 2017 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2017 N = 500
Mean
= 3.116
SD
= 0.739
 Eurobarometer (2018): study CY 2018 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2018 N = 503
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.735
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2019 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkey, 2019 N = 500
Mean
= 2.768
SD
= 1.109
 Eurobarometer (2015): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, , 2015 N = 500
Mean
= 2.525
SD
= 0.783
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, , 2015 N = 500
Mean
= 2.470
SD
= 0.877
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, , 2016 N = 500
Mean
= 2.612
SD
= 0.764
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2004 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2004 N = 500
Mean
= 3.111
SD
= 1.004
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2005 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.111
SD
= 0.815
 Eurobarometer (2005): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2005 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.929
SD
= 0.946
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2006 N = 500
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.803
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2007 N = 500
Mean
= 2.848
SD
= 0.903
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2007 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2007 N = 500
Mean
= 2.899
SD
= 0.893
 Eurobarometer (2008): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.890
 Eurobarometer (2011): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 2.590
SD
= 0.801
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 2.747
SD
= 0.845
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2016 N = 500
Mean
= 2.398
SD
= 0.818
 Eurobarometer (2017): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2017 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2017 N = 500
Mean
= 2.710
SD
= 0.983
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2017 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2017 N = 500
Mean
= 2.816
SD
= 0.941
 Eurobarometer (2018): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2018 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2018 N = 0
Mean
= 2.768
SD
= 0.941
 Eurobarometer (2019): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2019 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2019 N = 500
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 1.092
 Eurobarometer (2013): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, De facto nation, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 2.333
SD
= 0.778
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, De facto nation, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 2.430
SD
= 0.875
 Eurobarometer (2014): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus-Turkish, De facto nation, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 2.475
SD
= 0.796
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study CZ 2004 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2004 N = 1075
Mean
= 2.818
SD
= 0.625
 Eurobarometer (2005): study CZ 2005 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.597
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study CZ 2005 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.634
 Eurobarometer (2006): study CZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2006 N = 1068
Mean
= 2.919
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study CZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2006 N = 1091
Mean
= 2.939
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study CZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1043
Mean
= 2.939
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study CZ 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1106
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.621
 Eurobarometer (2008): study CZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2008 N = 1014
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.604
 Eurobarometer (2011): study CZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2010 N = 1024
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study CZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2010 N = 1021
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.643
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study CZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2011 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.859
SD
= 0.620
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study CZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2011 N = 1022
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (2012): study CZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2012 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.637
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study CZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2012 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.788
SD
= 0.671
 Eurobarometer (2013): study CZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.562
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study CZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.627
 Eurobarometer (2014): study CZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2014 N = 1011
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.703
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study CZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2014 N = 1055
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.632
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study CZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2015 N = 1013
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.636
 Eurobarometer (2015): study CZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2015 N = 1021
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.632
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study CZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2016 N = 1004
Mean
= 2.989
SD
= 0.586
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study CZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2016 N = 1044
Mean
= 3.031
SD
= 0.575
 Eurobarometer (2017): study CZ 2017 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2017 N = 1021
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.580
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study CZ 2017 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2017 N = 1012
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (2018): study CZ 2018 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2018 N = 1047
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.622
 Eurobarometer (2019): study CZ 2019 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2019 N = 1004
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.648
 Eurobarometer (2019a): study CZ 2019 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2019 - 2019 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.150
SD
= 0.606
 Eurobarometer (2021a): study CZ 2021 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2021 N = 1087
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 0.578
 Eurobarometer (1975a): study DK 1975 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 1975 N = 1039
Mean
= 3.490
SD
= 0.577
 Eurobarometer (1986): study DK 1984 /1 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 1984 N = 990
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 0.555
 Eurobarometer (1995): study DK 1996 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 1996 N = 3100
Mean
= 3.637
SD
= 0.542
 Eurobarometer (1997): study DK 1997 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 1997 N = 1001
Mean
= 3.588
SD
= 0.562
 Eurobarometer (2000b): study DK 2000 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2000 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.582
SD
= 0.533
 Eurobarometer (2001): study DK 2001 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2001 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.580
SD
= 0.586
 Eurobarometer (2002): study DK 2001 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2001 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.590
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study DK 2002 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.610
SD
= 0.546
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study DK 2002 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.584
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study DK 2003 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2003 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 0.605
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study DK 2004 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2004 N = 1028
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (2005): study DK 2005 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.624
SD
= 0.578
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study DK 2005 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 3.584
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study DK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2006 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (2006): study DK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2006 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.610
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study DK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study DK 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 3.640
SD
= 0.557
 Eurobarometer (2010): study DK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2008 N = 1029
Mean
= 3.590
SD
= 0.602
 Eurobarometer (2008): study DK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 0.600
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study IS 2013 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 3.530
SD
= 0.538
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study DK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2016 N = 1006
Mean
= 3.632
SD
= 0.557
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study DK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2016 N = 1007
Mean
= 3.707
SD
= 0.517
 Eurobarometer (2017): study DK 2017 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.690
SD
= 0.523
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study DK 2017 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2017 N = 1016
Mean
= 3.709
SD
= 0.510
 Eurobarometer (2018): study DK 2018 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2018 N = 1015
Mean
= 3.710
SD
= 0.475
 Eurobarometer (2019): study DK 2019 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2019 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.720
SD
= 0.492
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Derbyshire 1996 15+ aged, general public, Derbyshire,Nottinghamshire region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 205
Mean
= 3.072
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (1996): study LU Diekrich (North) 1996 15+ aged, general public, Diekrich (North) region, Luxembourg, 1996 N = 169
Mean
= 3.352
SD
= 0.577
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Dorset, Somerset 1996 15+ aged, general public, Dorset,Somerset region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 120
Mean
= 3.181
SD
= 0.673
 Eurobarometer (1996): study NL Drente 1996 15+ aged, general public, Drente region, Netherlands, 1996 N = 106
Mean
= 3.437
SD
= 0.587
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Dumphries-Galloway, Strathclyde 1996 15+ aged, general public, Dumphries-Galloway,Strathclyde region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 251
Mean
= 3.171
SD
= 0.665
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1975 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1975 N = 9610
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.753
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1976 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1976 N = 8627
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.785
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1978 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1978 N = 8788
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1980 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1980 N = 8882
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.757
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1981 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1981 N = 9898
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.787
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1982 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1982 N = 9689
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.770
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1973 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1973 N = 13484
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1975 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1975 N = 9153
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.776
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1976 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1976 N = 9210
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.785
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1977 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1977 N = 9044
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.785
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1977 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1977 N = 8936
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.758
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1978 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1978 N = 9327
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.789
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1979 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1979 N = 8976
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1982 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1982 N = 11676
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.738
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1983 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1983 N = 9725
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1983 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1983 N = 9790
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.744
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1984 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1984 N = 9909
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1984 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1984 N = 9746
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.782
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1985 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10 nations, 1985 N = 9846
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.769
 Radcliff (2005): study ZZ 1975 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 10 nations, 1975 N = 10000
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1986 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1986 N = 9827
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 0.750
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 10 1986 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1986 N = 9822
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.725
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1987 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1987 N = 9566
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.772
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1987 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1987 N = 9652
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.725
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1988 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1988 N = 9709
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.724
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1988 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1988 N = 9781
Mean
= 2.850
SD
= 0.796
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1989 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1989 N = 9675
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.716
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1989 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1989 N = 19199
Mean
= 3.080
SD
= 0.692
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1990 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1990 N = 9600
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.732
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 10 1990 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1990 N = 9600
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 0.736
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 10 1991 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1991 N = 9800
Mean
= 3.080
SD
= 0.703
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 10 1991 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1991 N = 9800
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.731
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 10 1992 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1992 N = 9800
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 10 1992 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1992 N = 9800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 10 1993 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1993 N = 9800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.728
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 10 1993 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1993 N = 9800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.755
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 10 1994 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1994 N = 9800
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.711
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 10 1994 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1994 N = 9800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.728
 Eurobarometer (1997): study ZZ EU 10 1997 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1997 N = 9900
Mean
= 2.929
SD
= 0.749
 Eurobarometer (1998): study ZZ EU 10 1998 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 1998 N = 9900
Mean
= 2.947
SD
= 0.732
 Eurobarometer (2000a): study ZZ EU 10 2000 15+ aged, general public, EU 10, 2000 N = 9900
Mean
= 2.897
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1986 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1986 N = 11837
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 0.772
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 12 1986 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1986 N = 11831
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.755
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1987 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1987 N = 11583
Mean
= 2.890
SD
= 0.777
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1987 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1987 N = 11651
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.739
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1988 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1988 N = 11731
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.732
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1988 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1988 N = 11794
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.800
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1989 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1989 N = 11678
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.717
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1989 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1989 N = 11819
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.738
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1989 /2 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1989 N = 23199
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.702
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1990 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1990 N = 11600
Mean
= 3.050
SD
= 0.740
 Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 12 1990 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1990 N = 12600
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.734
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 12 1991 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1991 N = 12800
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.732
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 12 1991 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1991 N = 12800
Mean
= 3.030
SD
= 0.727
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 12 1992 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1992 N = 12800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.759
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 12 1992 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1992 N = 12800
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.732
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 12 1993 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1993 N = 12800
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.726
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 12 1993 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1993 N = 12800
Mean
= 2.950
SD
= 0.753
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 12 1994 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1994 N = 12880
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.724
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 12 1994 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1994 N = 12800
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ZZ EU 12 1996 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1996 N = 51412
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (1997): study ZZ EU 12 1997 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1997 N = 11900
Mean
= 2.917
SD
= 0.741
 Eurobarometer (1998): study ZZ EU 12 1998 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 1998 N = 11891
Mean
= 2.922
SD
= 0.735
 Eurobarometer (2000a): study ZZ EU 12 2000 15+ aged, general public, EU 12, 2000 N = 11898
Mean
= 2.898
SD
= 0.709
 Veenhoven (2005d): study ZZ EU 14 1970 15+ aged, general public, EU 14 member states, 1973-2001 N = 374000
Eurobarometer (1997): study ZZ EU 15 1997 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 15 member states, 1997 N = 15900
Mean
= 2.919
SD
= 0.748
 Eurobarometer (1998): study ZZ EU 15 1998 15+ aged, general public, EU 15 member states, 1998 N = 16165
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.744
 Eurobarometer (1999): study ZZ EU 15 1999 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 15 member states, 1999 N = 15010
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.682
 Eurobarometer (2000a): study ZZ EU 15 2000 15+ aged, general public, EU 15 member states, 2000 N = 16078
Mean
= 2.909
SD
= 0.712
 Eurobarometer (2000b): study ZZ EU 15 2000 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 15 member states, 2000 N = 15900
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.681
 Eurobarometer (1996): study ZZ EU 15 1996 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 1996 N = 61809
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (1997): study ZZ EU 15 1997 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 1997 N = 16154
Mean
= 2.919
SD
= 0.748
 Eurobarometer (1999): study ZZ EU 15 1999 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 1999 N = 16082
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.682
 Eurobarometer (2001): study ZZ EU 15 2001 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2001 N = 15857
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.685
 Eurobarometer (2002): study ZZ EU 15 2001 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2001 N = 15717
Mean
= 3.020
SD
= 0.681
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study ZZ EU 15 2002 15+ aged, general public, EU 15, 2002 N = 16074
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (1995): study ZZ EU 16 1995 15+ aged, general public, EU 16, 1995 N = 17166
Mean
= 3.068
SD
= 0.745
 Blanchflower (2007): study ZZ EU 20 1973 15+ aged, general public, EU 20, Multiple nations, 1973 N = 680000
Eurobarometer (2006a): study ZZ EU 25 2006 15+ aged, general public, EU 25, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.721
 Eurobarometer (2008): study ZZ EU 25 2008 15+ aged, general public, EU 25, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.919
SD
= 0.748
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study ZZ EU 27 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.727
 Eurobarometer (2010): study ZZ EU 27 2008 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2008 N = 26618
Mean
= 2.899
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (2009): study ZZ EU 27 2009 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2009 N = 26830
Mean
= 2.939
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study ZZ EU 27 2009 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2009 N = 26731
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.752
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study ZZ EU 27 2011 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2011 N = 26594
Mean
= 2.889
SD
= 0.777
 Eurobarometer (2012): study ZZ EU 27 2012 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, 2012 N = 26637
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.783
 Eurobarometer (2011): study ZZ EU 27 2010 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, Multiple nations, 2010 N = 26723
Mean
= 2.920
SD
= 0.770
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study ZZ EU 27 2012 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, Multiple nations, 2012 N = 26622
Mean
= 2.890
SD
= 0.799
 Eurobarometer (2013): study ZZ EU 27 2013 15+ aged, general public, EU 27, Multiple nations, 2013 N = 26605
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.803
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study ZZ EU 27 2011 15+ aged, general public, EU 27,, 2011 N = 26713
Mean
= 2.960
SD
= 0.751
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study ZZ EU28 2016 15+ aged, general public, EU 28, 2016 N = 27818
Mean
= 3.005
SD
= 0.761
 Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1975 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1975 N = 8153
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1976 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1976 N = 7615
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1976 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1976 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1981 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1981 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1975 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1975 N = 8610
Eurobarometer (1975a): study ZZ EU 9 1975 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1975 N = 9605
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1977 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1977 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1977 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1977 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1978 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1978 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1978 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1978 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1979 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1979 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1980 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1980 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1982 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1982 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1982 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1982 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1983 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1983 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1983 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1983 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1984 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1984 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1984 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1984 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1985 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9 nations, 1985 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1985 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1985 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1986 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1986 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 9 1986 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1986 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1987 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1987 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1987 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1987 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1988 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1988 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1988 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1988 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1989 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1989 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1989 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1989 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1990 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1990 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991): study ZZ EU 9 1990 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1990 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 9 1991 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1991 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 9 1991 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1991 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 9 1992 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1992 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991a): study ZZ EU 9 1992 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1992 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 9 1993 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1993 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 9 1993 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1993 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 9 1994 /1 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1994 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1991b): study ZZ EU 9 1994 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1994 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1995): study ZZ EU 9 1995 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1995 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1996): study ZZ EU 9 1996 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1996 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1997): study ZZ EU 9 1997 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1997 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1998): study ZZ EU 9 1998 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 1998 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2000a): study ZZ EU 9 2000 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2000 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2000b): study ZZ EU 9 2000 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2000 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2001): study ZZ EU 9 2001 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2001 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2002): study ZZ EU 9 2001 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2001 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2002b): study ZZ EU 9 2002 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2002 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2002a): study ZZ EU 9 2002 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2002 N = 0
Eurobarometer (2003a): study ZZ EU 9 2003 15+ aged, general public, EU 9, 2003 N = 0
Eurobarometer (1986): study ZZ EU 12 1985 15+ aged, general public, EU12, 1985 N = 11849
Mean
= 2.870
SD
= 0.774
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study ZZ EU 27 2010 15+ aged, general public, EU27 nations, 2010 N = 26641
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 0.778
 Eurobarometer (2015): study ZZ EU28 2015 15+ aged, general public, EU28 nations, 2015 N = 27758
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 0.761
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study ZZ EU28 2015 15+ aged, general public, EU28 nations, 2015 N = 27681
Mean
= 3.010
SD
= 0.742
 Eurobarometer (2018): study ZZ EU28 2018 15+ aged, general public, EU28, 2018 N = 27988
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.695
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study ZZ EU28 2014 15+ aged, general public, EU28, Multiple nations, 2014 N = 27901
Mean
= 2.970
SD
= 0.768
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study ZZ EU28 2016 15+ aged, general public, EU28, Multiple nations, 2016 N = 27705
Mean
= 3.016
SD
= 0.737
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study ZZ EU28 2017 15+ aged, general public, EU28, Multiple nations, 2017 N = 28007
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.741
 Eurobarometer (2017): study ZZ EU28 2017 15+ aged, general public, EU28, Multiple nations, 2017 N = 28055
Mean
= 3.040
SD
= 0.734
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IE East ( Dublin, Kildare / Wicklow) 1996 15+ aged, general public, East ( Dublin, Kildare / Wicklow) region, Ireland, 1996 N = 1144
Mean
= 3.168
SD
= 0.706
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB East Anglia 1996 15+ aged, general public, East Anglia region, United Kingdom, 1996 N = 217
Mean
= 3.204
SD
= 0.616
 Eurobarometer (1991): study DE East Germany 1990 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1990 N = 2000
Mean
= 2.850
SD
= 0.622
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study DE East Germany 1990 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1990 N = 837
Mean
= 2.876
SD
= 0.624
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study DE East Germany 1991 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1991 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.640
SD
= 0.688
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study DE East Germany 1991 /1 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1991 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study DE East Germany 1992 /1 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1992 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.626
 Eurobarometer (1991a): study DE East Germany 1992 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1992 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.790
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study DE East Germany 1993 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1993 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.690
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study DE East Germany 1993 /1 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1993 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 0.638
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study DE East Germany 1994 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (1991b): study DE East Germany 1994 /1 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.850
SD
= 0.641
 Eurobarometer (1997): study DE East Germany 1997 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1997 N = 1031
Mean
= 2.636
SD
= 0.679
 Eurobarometer (2000b): study DE East Germany 2000 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2000 N = 1014
Mean
= 2.782
SD
= 0.669
 Eurobarometer (2001): study DE East Germany 2001 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2001 N = 1051
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.723
 Eurobarometer (2002): study DE East Germany 2001 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2001 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.808
SD
= 0.677
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study DE East Germany 2002 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2002 N = 1016
Mean
= 2.690
SD
= 0.659
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study DE East Germany 2002 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2002 N = 1051
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.709
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study DE East Germany 2003 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2003 N = 1023
Mean
= 2.590
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study DE East Germany 2004 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2004 N = 508
Mean
= 2.830
SD
= 0.664
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study DE East Germany 2005 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.798
SD
= 0.710
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study DE East Germany 2006 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.753
 Eurobarometer (2006): study DE East Germany 2006 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2006 N = 626
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.715
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study DE East Germany 2007 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.652
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study DE East Germany 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.760
SD
= 0.763
 Eurobarometer (2008): study DE East Germany 2008 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.757
 Eurobarometer (2010): study DE East Germany 2008 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2008 N = 0
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (2010a): study DE East Germany 2009 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.725
 Eurobarometer (2009): study DE East Germany 2009 15+ aged, general public, East-Germany,Germany, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.745
 Eurobarometer (1996): study IT Emilia Romagna 1996 15+ aged, general public, Emilia Romagna region, Italy, 1996 N = 448
Mean
= 2.918
SD
= 0.627
 Eurobarometer (1996): study GB Essex 1996 15+ aged, general public, Essex region, Dorset,SomersetUnited Kingdom, 1996 N = 161
Mean
= 3.228
SD
= 0.621
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study EE 2004 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2004 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.658
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study EE 2005 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.740
SD
= 0.673
 Eurobarometer (2005): study EE 2005 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2005 N = 0
Mean
= 2.697
SD
= 0.674
 Eurobarometer (2006): study EE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.737
SD
= 0.660
 Eurobarometer (2006a): study EE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.860
SD
= 0.583
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study EE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2007 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.860
SD
= 0.633
 Eurobarometer (2007a): study EE 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2007 N = 1012
Mean
= 2.830
SD
= 0.601
 Eurobarometer (2008): study EE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 1006
Mean
= 2.830
SD
= 0.664
 Eurobarometer (2010): study EE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.800
SD
= 0.632
 Eurobarometer (2011): study EE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.661
 Eurobarometer (2011c): study EE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.770
SD
= 0.646
 Eurobarometer (2011a): study EE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (2011b): study EE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2011 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.700
SD
= 0.686
 Eurobarometer (2012a): study EE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2012 N = 1003
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.698
 Eurobarometer (2012): study EE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.712
 Eurobarometer (2013a): study EE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2013 N = 1004
Mean
= 2.780
SD
= 0.672
 Eurobarometer (2012): study EE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2013 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.750
SD
= 0.684
 Eurobarometer (2014a): study EE 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 0.689
 Eurobarometer (2014): study EE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2014 N = 1031
Mean
= 2.909
SD
= 0.668
 Eurobarometer (2015): study EE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2015 N = 1001
Mean
= 2.880
SD
= 0.605
 Eurobarometer (2015a): study EE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2015 N = 1004
Mean
= 2.910
SD
= 0.650
 Eurobarometer (2016a): study EE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2016 N = 1005
Mean
= 2.927
SD
= 0.647
 Eurobarometer (2016b): study EE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2016 N = 1012
Mean
= 2.914
SD
= 0.658
 Eurobarometer (2017): study EE 2017 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2017 N = 1009
Mean
= 2.890
SD
= 0.615
 Eurobarometer (2017a): study EE 2017 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2017 N = 1010
Mean
= 2.892
SD
= 0.625
 Eurobarometer (2018): study EE 2018 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2018 N = 1021
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 0.628
 Wilczek (2018): study ZZ Europe 2010 15+ aged, general public, Europe 2010-2015 N = 73860
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 0.780
 Blanchflower & Oswald (2017): study ZZ Europe 2016 15+ aged, general public, Europe, 36 nations, 2016 N = 32857
Eurobarometer (2000b): study FI 2000 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2000 N = 1015
Mean
= 3.100
SD
= 0.640
 Eurobarometer (2001): study FI 2001 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2001 N = 1022
Mean
= 3.091
SD
= 0.637
 Eurobarometer (2002): study FI 2001 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2001 N = 1003
Mean
= 3.090
SD
= 0.618
 Eurobarometer (2002a): study FI 2002 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2002 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.141
SD
= 0.636
 Eurobarometer (2002b): study FI 2002 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2002 N = 1013
Mean
= 3.140
SD
= 0.617
 Eurobarometer (2003a): study FI 2003 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2003 N = 1018
Mean
= 3.139
SD
= 0.598
 Eurobarometer (2004a): study FI 2004 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2004 N = 1005
Mean
= 3.300
SD
= 0.608
 Eurobarometer (2005a): study FI 2005 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2005 <