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Correlational findings

Study Blanchflower & Clark (2021): study ZZ Europe 2009

Public
15+ aged, general public, 35 European nations, 2009 - 2019
Survey name
EU-Eurobarometer combined waves
Sample
Respondents
N = 1246028
Non Response
Assessment
Interview: face-to-face

Correlate

Authors's Label
Living with children (vs married no children)
Our Classification
Remarks
Children from a 'previous union' can be children of the respondents partner (= 'step children' for the respondent)
Related specification variables
Operationalization
1: Living with children
     a: Never married
     b: cohabiting
         ba: children from this union
         bb: children from previous union
         bc: children from this and previous union
     c: Married
         ca: children from this marriage
         cb: children from previous union
         cc: children from this and previous union
0: Married: no children (reference)

Observed Relation with Happiness

Happiness Measure Statistics Elaboration / Remarks O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.18 p < .01 NEVER MARRIED         (vs married no children)
Age below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.25 p < .01 Age 45 or more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.03 p < .01 COHABITING             (vs married no children)
Living with children from this union
Age below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.07 p < .01 Age 45 or more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.07 p < .01 Living with children from previous union
Age below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.09 p < .01 Age 45 of more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.05 p < .01 Living with children from this and previous union
Age below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.07 p < .01 Age 45 of more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = +.03 p < .01 MARRIED with children  (vs married no children)
Children from this marriage
Aged below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.00 ns Aged 45 or more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.04 p < .01 Children from previous union
Aged below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.09 p < .01 Aged 45 or more O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.01 ns Children from this and previous union
Aged below 45 O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b b = -.05 p < .01 Aged 45 or more

b estimates controled for
- yountry dummies
- year
- education
- employment
- age
- gender

Betas are lower after additional control for difficulty to pay bills, suggesting that part of the difference is in the cost of children