print

Correlational findings

Study Dolan et al. (2014): study ZZ Europe 2004

Public
15+ aged general public, 25 European nations, 2004
Survey name
EU-Eurobarometer 62
Sample
Respondents
N = 25000
Non Response
Assessment
Multiple assesment methods

Correlate

Authors's Label
Sporting frequency
Our Classification
Distribution
1: 46%, 0: 54%
Related specification variables
Operationalization
Self report on single question:
How often do you exercise or play sports?
5: 3 times a week or more
4: 1 or 2 times a week
3: 1 to 3 times a month
2:  less often
1:  never

Recoded
1 regular (3,4,5)
0 not (1,2)

Observed Relation with Happiness

Happiness Measure Statistics Elaboration / Remarks O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b PRC = + p < .01 Males:  PRC = +.32 (01)
Females PRC = +.25 (01)

PRC controlled for
- age, age squared
- employment
- marital status
- education
- child under age 14
- size of town
- country effects O-SLL-u-sq-v-4-b PRC = + Instrumental variable analysis (IV) suggests that sporting is driven by belief about benefits of sporting on health, pleasure and purpose, which effects are also stronger among males than females.
This is seen as an indication for a causal effect of sporting on happiness