Study Tsai (2009): study ZZ World samples 1990

Public

18+ aged, 76 countries, 1990s

Survey name

INT-WorldValuesSurvey 1-3

Sample

Respondents

N = 80000

Non Response

Assessment

Interview: face-to-face

Correlate

Authors's Label

Change in openness dummy

Our Classification

Remarks

Source: Wacziarg and Welch (2003)

Operationalization

0: Always closed economy
1: Other
   a: Closed to open economy
   b: Always open economy

A country is classified as open if it displays ALL of the following characteristics:
(1) average tariff rates of 40% of more
(2) nontariff barriers covering 40% or more of trade
(3) a black market exchange rate that is depreciated by 20% or more relative to official exchange rate
(4) a state monopoly on major exports
(5) a socialist economic system.

Observed Relation with Happiness