Study Tsai (2009): study ZZ World samples 1990
- Public:
- 18+ aged, 76 countries, 1990s
- Survey name:
- WorldValuesSurvey 1-3
- Sample:
- Respondents:
- N = 80000
- Non Response:
- Assessment:
- Interview: face-to-face
Correlate
- Authors's label
- Openness
- Our Classification
-
-
- Operationalization
- 1: Open
0: Closed
A country is classified as open if it displays ALL of the following characteristics:
(1) average tariff rates of 40% of more
(2) nontariff barriers covering 40% or more of trade
(3) a black market exchange rate that is depreciated by 20% or more relative to official exchange rate
(4) a state monopoly on major exports
(5) a socialist economic system.
Observed Relation with Happiness
b controls for:
-GNI per capita
-GDP growth rate
-inflation
-Militarism index
-Latin America dummy
Results are similar when sample excludes Eastern Europe.
-interaction: Eastern Europe*openness
(b interaction=-.85, p<.05)