Variable	Measurement	Era	Code	N	Source
System seniority	Estes’s Welfare Effort subindex (part of Index of Social Progress) Years since first law on: 1. Old age, invalidity, death (+), 2. Sickness, maternity (+), 3. Work injury (+), 4. Unemployment (+), 5. Family allowances (+)	1979-80	WelfareLaw1_1980	103	Estes 1984 table 5-1
Entitlements	Decommodification score	1980	WelfareLaw2_1980	17	Esping-A 1990 table 2.2
	Benefits generosity Generosity in social insurance programs for: 1) Unemployment, 2) Sickness and 3) Pensions Estimates of entitled benefits multiplied by coverage ratio. Scores for the three programs added. Variant of Esping-Andersen’s Decommodification score	1980-89	WelfareLaw3_1980-89	18	Scruggs 2004
		2000-03	WelfareLaw3_2000-03	18
Public expenditures for social security	ILO definition of benefits in % GDP	1980	WelfareExpense1_19802	40	ILO-A 1996 table 31
		1990	WelfareExpense1_1989	39	ILO-A 1996 table 3
		1993	WelfareExpense1_1993	57	ILO-A 1997
		1995	WelfareExpense1_1995	46	ILO-A 2000
		1996	WelfareExpense1_1996	70	ILO-A 2000
		2004-07	WelfareExpense1_2006		ILO 2010 table 26
	IMF definition1 Expenditures as % GDP on ‘public social protection’ (health not included)	1980	WelfareExpense2_1980	27	IMF-A 1983, 1987, 1988
		2004	WelfareExpense2a-2004	57	ILO-C
	IMF definition2 Expenditures as % GDP on ‘public social protection’ and health	2004	WelfareExpense2b-2004	57	ILO-C
	OECD definition Sum of spending on mandatory either public of mandatory private programs for 1) Old age, 2) Survivors, 3) Incapacity, 4) Health care, 5) Family, 6) Workfare, 7) Unemployment, 8) Housing, 9) Other social policies Programs should address one or more social purposes and the provision of benefits should involve either a) Interpersonal redistribution, or b) Compulsory participation	1980	WelfareExpense3_1980	22	OECD 1986 table 6.3
		2004	WelfareExpense3b_2004	30	OECD 2009
	OECD definition, modified	1960	WelfareExpense4_1960	19	Gordon 1988 table 2.1
		1980	WelfareExpense4_1980	18	Gordon 1988 table 2.1

Related topics: Governance (corporatism), Government expenditures (on public health)
Related themes: Economy, Inequality, Politics, Social cohesion, Risks

The dataset States of Nations is about characteristics of countries in periods (macro variables). It is part of the World Database of Happiness. Developed for the identification of societal conditions for happiness, this dataset can also be used for other purposes.