Variable	Measurement	Era	Code	N	Source
Women’s marriage rights	A: Women’s consent required for marriage. B: Equal rights with respect to a) inheritance, b) property, c) divorce. A+B sumscore using the following weights: yes +1, no equal rights -1, no consent for marriage -2, missing 0	1990-2000	GenderEqualMarriage_1990s	97	IPPF 2000
Women’s share in income	% Earned by women. Concerns money-incomes earned on market only, not incomes from self raised food. As such, comparison between 1st and 3rd world nations is dubious. Further, high shares in earnings can imply exploitation (lazy husbands) rather than equality.	198?-94	GenderEqualIncome1_1990	65	UN HDR 1995 table 3.5
		1995-97	GenderEqualIncome1_1995.97	70
	Ratio male/female earned income	2000	GenderEqualIncome2_2000	66	UN-HDR 2002 table 23
		2005	GenderEqualIncome2_2005	163	UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Education equality	Sex-ratio in tertiary school	1990	GenderEqualSchooling1_1990	67	UN-HDR 1995 table A21.1
		1998	GenderEqualSchooling1_1998	57	??
	% women in university	1984	GenderEqualSchooling2_1984	74	Kurian 1992 t 204
Professional participation of women	% women in technical/professional jobs	1992	GenderEqualWork1_1992	64	UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
		1997	GenderEqualWork1_1997	103	UN-HDR 1999 table 3
		2000	GenderEqualWork1_2000	71	UN-HDR 2002 table 23
		2005	GenderEqualWork1_2005	98	UN-HDR 2007 table 29
	% female administrators and managers	1992	GenderEqualWork2_1992	65	UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
		1997	GenderEqualWork2_1997	102	UN-HDR 1999 table 3
		2000	GenderEqualWork2_2000	69	UN-HDR 2002 table 23
		2005	GenderEqualWork2_2005	94	UN-HDR 2007 table 29
	Female economic activity as % of male rate	1998	GenderEqualWork3_1998	163	UN-HDR 1999 table 3
		2000	GenderEqualWork3_2000	162	UN-HDR 2002 table 23
		2005	GenderEqualWork3_2005	167	UN-HDR 2007 table 29
Employment equality	Difference in male-female unemployment rate	1990s	GenderEqualEmployment_1990s	26	Azmat 2004 p 29
Political participation of women	% women on parliamentary seats	1994	GenderEqualPolitic1_1994	62	UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
		1995-97	GenderEqualPolitic1_1996	69	UN-HDR 1998 table 3
		1997	GenderEqualPolitic1_1997	147	UN-HDR 1999 table 3
		2000	GenderEqualPolitics1_2000	149	UN-HDR 2002 table 23
		2005	GenderEqualPolitics_2005	159	UN-HDR 2007 table 29
	Year women received right to vote	1900s	GenderEqualPolitict2	88	UN-HDR 2001 table 25
	Year women received right to stand for election	1900s	GenderEqualPolitic3	88	UN-HDR 2001 table 25
Life-expectancy	Relative to men (males = 100)	1970	GenderEqualLongevity_1970	86	UN-HDR 1995 table A2-6
		1992	GenderEqualLongevity_1990	86	UN-HDR 1995 table A2-6
Women’s happiness	Relative to men (males = 100)	1990s	GenderEqualHappiness1_90s	84	ratio ls10f_90s to ls10m_90s
	Absolute difference in average happiness with men (question type O-LS)	1990s	GenderEqualHappiness2_90s	84	ls10f_90s minus ls10m_90s
	Absolute difference in average happiness with men (question type O-HL)	1990-2004	GenderEqualhappiness3_1990-2004	68	Kageyama 2009
	Absolute difference in average happiness with men (question type C-BW)	2005-2008	GenderEqualHappiness4_2005-2008	73	Zweig 2015
Violation of women’s physical integrity	Index of 1) existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women (3 components) 2) estimated prevalence of female genital mutilation (in %)	1990s	GenderPhysicalIntegrity_1990s	122	Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in family code	Index of 1) average age of marriage, 2) % women married before age 20, 3) unilateral termination of marriage by a husband’s repudiation of his wife, 4) inheritance practices in favour of male heirs, 5) prevalence of polygamy, 6) greater male parental authority over children	1990s	GenderFamilyCode_ 1990s	117	Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in public space	Index of 1) requirement that women wear a veil in public 2) limitations to women’s freedom to move in public 0 = no restriction, 1 = discrimination	1990s	GenderPublic_1990s	122	Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Discrimination of women in ownership rights	Index of 1) women’s right to own land, 2) women’s access to bank loans, 3) women’s right to own property other than land 0 = no discrimination, 1 = discrimination	1990s	GenderOwnershipRights_1990s	117	Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
Estes’ Women status index	Part of Index of Social Progress: 1) % age eligible girls attending first level schools (+), 2) % children in primary schools: girls (+), 3) % adult female illiteracy (-), 4) Years since women suffrage (+), 5) Years since women suffrage equal to men (+)	1980	GenderEqualIndex1_1980	47	Estes 1984: table 5-1
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)	Index of 1) % women in parliament, 2) women’s professional participation 3) women’s share of income	1990-94	GenderEqualIndex2_1990.04	65	UN-HDR 1995 table 3.5
		1997	GenderEqualIndex2_1997	103	UN-HDR 1999 table 3
		2005	GenderEqualIndex2_2005	92	UN-HDR 2007 table 26
SIGE index	Based on 1) relative female/male access to education, 2) relative female/male longevity, 3) relative female/male labour market participation, 4) female share in administrative and management positions, 5) female share in parliament	1995	GenderEqualindex3_1995	70	Dijkstra 2000, Appendix table
Gender-related Development Index (GDI)	male/female ratio of 1)life expectancy, 2) education, 3) income	2000	GenderEqualIndex4_2000	86	UN-HDR 2002 table 22
		2004	GenderEqualIndex4_2004	100	UN-HDR 2006 table 24
		2007	GenderEqualIndex4_2007	102	UN-HDR 2009 table J
OECD index of women’s discrimination in social institutions	Index of women’s discrimination in 1) family, 2) public places, 3) ownership rights, 4) physical integrity Arithmetic mean of variables Gender…Family Code, Public, Ownnership Rights and Physical integrity	1990s	GenderInstitutionsIndex_1990s	117	Jutting et. al. 2006, Annex
ISD index of gender equality	Index of 1) attitudes to gender equality, 2) perceived equality, 3) actual m/f ratio’s	1988-1992	GenderEqualIndex5_1990	157	ISD database
		2008-2010	GenderEqualIndex5_2010	171

Related topics: Equality under the law, Human rights,
Related themes: Inequality, Modernity, Politics

The dataset States of Nations is about characteristics of countries in periods (macro variables). It is part of the World Database of Happiness. Though developed for the identification of societal conditions for happiness, this source can also be used for other purposes.