print

Happiness Measures

Characteristics

Code:
O-SLW-c-sq-n-11-d
Focus:
Overall: Satisfaction w Life as a Whole (O-SLW)
Time frame:
currently (today, these days, presently) (c)
Mode:
1 question (sq)
Scale Type:
numeric scale (n)
Scale Range:
11

Description

Self report on single question:

Taking all things together, how satisfied are you with your life these days? Please answer with the help of this scale. For instance, when you are totally satisfied with your life, please tick '10'. When you are totally unsatisfied with your life, please tick '0'. You may use all values in between to indicate that you are neither totally satisfied nor totally unsatisfied."
10 totally satisfied
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0  totally unsatisfied

List of Studies Using this Measure

Study Population N Mean
Standard Deviation Weick (1997): study DE 1995 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1995 N = 2000
Saris (2001b): study DE 1990 16+ aged general public, Germany, followed 4 years, 1990-1994 N = 3500
DiTella et al. (2007): study DE 1984 18+ aged general public, (West-)Germany, followed 16 years 1984-2000 N = 7812
Mean
= 7.150
SD
= 1.750
 Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2005): study DE 1992 18+ aged general public, Germany, 1992-1997 N = 16000
Mean
= 6.883
 Fitzroy et al. (2013): study DE 2000 18+ aged general public, Germany, 2000-2010 N = 212650
Frijters et al. (2004a): study DE 1991 /1 21-64 aged general public, East Germany, 1991-2001 N = 3086
Mean
= 5.960
 Vendrik (2013): study DE 1984 27-59 aged general public, (West-)Germany, followed at least 6 years,1984-2007 N = 60984
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.760
 Pannenberg & Goerke (2013): study DE 2008 17-65 aged general public, Germany, 2008-2010 N = 1031
Pfeifer (2013): study DE 2003 16+ aged general public, Germany, followed 5 years, 2003-2008 N = 9972
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.710
 Pfaff & Hirata (2013): study DE West Germany 1984 18+ aged general public, (West-)Germany, followed 24 years,1984-2010 N = 318346
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.850
 Pfaff & Hirata (2013): study DE East Germany 1992 18+ aged general public, (East-)Germany, followed 18 years,1992-2010 N = 81956
Mean
= 6.390
SD
= 1.830
 Pischke (2011): study DE 1984 20-64 aged general public, West-Germany, 1984-2007 N = 56476
Pohl (2006): study DE 1984 25-65 aged immigrants, Germany, followed yearly 1984-2005 N = 15790
Mean
= 7.330
SD
= 2.240
 Layard et al. (2009): study DE 1984 30-55 aged non-immigrant West-Germans, West-Germany, followed 1984-2006 N = 56240
Welsch & Kühling (2013): study DE 1991 15+ aged general public, Germany, 1991-2009 N = 293998
Mean
= 6.920
 Boyce & Wood (2011): study DE 2005 17-96 aged, general public Germany, followed 4 years 2005-2008 N = 54460
Mean
= 6.940
SD
= 1.750
 Wolbring et al. (2013): study DE 1992 16+ aged general public, Germany, followed 16 years, 1992-2008 N = 19568
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.750
 Wolbring et al. (2013): study DE Bayern 2010 18+ aged general public, Munich, Germany, 2010 N = 662
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 2.270
 Wunder (2008): study DE 1985 18+ aged general public, Germany, followed 21 years, 1985-2006 N = 23757
Vendrik & Woltjer (2007): study DE 1984 18+ aged general public, Germany, followed 17 years, 1984-2001 N = 102068
Mean
= 7.200
 Schyns (2000): study DE 1992 18+ aged general public, Germany, followed 4 years, 1992-1996 N = 4398
Mean
= 7.300
 D'Ambrosio & Frick (2012): study DE 1992 18+ aged general public, followed 15 years, 1992-2007, Germany N = 184000
Mean
= 6.903
SD
= 1.764
 Galatzer-Levy et al. (2010): study DE 1984 21-60 aged unemployed, before and after jobloss, Germany, 1984-2003 N = 774
Easterlin (2014a): study DE East Germany 1990 /1 18+ aged, general public, East Germany, 1990-2004 N = 200000
Mean
= 6.360
 Headey et al. (2008a): study DE 1990 18+ aged general public, Germany, followed 15 years, 1990 - 2005 N = 7329
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 1.830
 Schnitzlein & Wunder (2014): study DE 1984 12+ aged, siblings, West Germany, followed 26 years,1984-2010, N = 7398
Mean
= 7.280
 Kopmann & Rehdanz (2014): study DE 2004 Working age people, Germany, followed 5 years 2004-2009 N = 10123
Mean
= 6.960
 Hetschko (2014): study DE 1991 18-65 aged, general public, Germany, followed yearly, 1991-2012 N = 19436
Mean
= 7.120
 Clark et al. (2015): study DE 1992 16+ aged general public, Germany, followed 14 years; 1992-2012 N = 368000
Mean
= 6.970
SD
= 1.786
 Boes & Winkelmann (2010): study DE 1984 25-65 aged singles, (West-)Germany, 1984-2004 N = 9735
Camp (2016): study DE 2005 18-62 aged women, Germany, 2005-2009 N = 10000
Zumbro (2011): study DE 1992 18+ aged, general public,Germany 1992-2009 N = 279394
Mean
= 7.450
 Dittmann & Goebel (2010): study DE 2004 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 2004 N = 22012
Krause (2013): study DE 2007 16+ aged, recently fallen unemployed, Germany, 2007-2008 N = 2542
Mean
= 6.140
 Easterlin & Plagnol (2008): study DE East Germany 1991 16+ aged, general public, East Germany, followed 1- 14 years, Germany, 1991-2004 N = 48688
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 1.840
 Easterlin & Plagnol (2008): study DE West Germany 1984 /1 16+ aged, general public, West Germany, followed 1-21 years, Germany, 1984-2004 N = 205410
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 0.160
 Easterlin & Plagnol (2008): study DE West Germany 1984 /2 16+ aged, Turkish immigrants, West Germany, Germany, followed 1-21 years, 1984-2004 N = 15520
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 0.200
 Easterlin & Plagnol (2008): study DE West Germany 1984 16+ aged, European immigrants, West Germany, Germany, followed 1-21 years, 1984-2004 N = 24930
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 1.930
 Koczan (2013a): study DE 1984 /1 16+ aged immigrants, Germany, followed 1-26 years, 1984-2010 N = 3741
Mean
= 6.680
SD
= 1.810
 Nesterko et al. (2013): study DE 2006 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2006 N = 21079
Mean
= 6.960
 Nesterko et al. (2013): study DE 2006 /1 16+ aged migrants, Germany, 2006 N = 2971
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 0.040
 DeNew & Sinning (2010): study DE West Germany 2000 16+ aged, general public, West Germany, Germany, followed 5 years, 2000-2004 N = 33186
Mean
= 6.770
SD
= 1.860
 Knies (2012): study DE 2004 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 2004+2005 N = 22000
Dittmann & Goebel (2010): study DE 2000 /1 17+ aged, general public, Germany, followed 7 years 2000-2006 N = 22000
Mean
= 6.900
 Ehrhardt et al. (2000): study XZ Germany West 1984 18+ aged general public West-Germany, followed 10 years, 1984-1994 N = 5483
Mean
= 7.260
 Barcena Martin et al. (2013): study DE 1994 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1994-2011 N = 162167
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.750
 Oswald & Winkelmann (2008): study DE 2000 Lottery winners, Germany, followed 3 years, 2000-2007 N = 198
Gray (2014): study DE 2002 Heads of households, Germany, 2002, 2007 N = 7712
Mean
= 6.901
SD
= 1.748
 Guven (2009b): study DE 1984 18+ aged, households' heads, Germany, 1984-2006 N = 21000
Cuesta & Budria (2011): study DE 2000 18+ aged, heads of households, Germany, 2000-2008 N = 11000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.700
 Mollenkopf et al. (2004): study NL 2000 55+ aged, Netherlands, 2000 N = 616
Mean
= 7.920
 Mollenkopf et al. (2004): study DE 2000 55+ aged, Germany, 2000 N = 1
Mollenkopf et al. (2004): study HU 2000 55+ aged, Hungary, 2000 N = 605
Mean
= 6.260
 Mollenkopf et al. (2004): study IT 2000 55+ aged, Italy, 2000 N = 600
Mean
= 7.550
 Oswald & Winkelmann (2008): study DE 2000 /1 Lottery winners, Germany, followed 3 years, 2000-2007 N = 198
Luechinger (2007): study DE 1985 20+ aged, general public, Germany, followed 19 years, 1985-2003 N = 33864
Mean
= 7.070
SD
= 1.750
 Clark (2015): study DE 1992 16+ aged, general public, followed 10 years, Germany, 1992-2012 N = 368000
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.810
 Akay & Martinsson (2012): study DE 1984 20-79 aged general public, Germany, 1984-2009 N = 150000
Schaubert (2015): study DE West Germany 1984 25- 54 aged high educated women, West Germany, followed 25 years 1984-2012 N = 13713
Berger (2013): study DE 1994 Mothers, Germany, followed 15 years, 1994-2009 N = 5150
Mean
= 7.050
SD
= 1.690
 Easterlin & Plagnol (2008): study DE 1984 16-65 aged general public, Germany, followed 1-21 years, 1984-2004 N = 294528
Mean
= 6.550
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2007 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2007 N = 20817
Mean
= 6.943
SD
= 1.787
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1995 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1995 N = 13696
GSOEP (2023): study DE 1996 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1996 N = 13489
Mean
= 6.902
SD
= 1.781
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1997 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1997 N = 13257
Mean
= 6.791
SD
= 1.798
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1998 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1998 N = 14631
Mean
= 6.949
SD
= 1.778
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1999 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1999 N = 14054
Mean
= 6.976
SD
= 1.771
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2000 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2000 N = 24510
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.789
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2001 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2001 N = 22299
Mean
= 7.109
SD
= 1.738
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2002 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2002 N = 23844
Mean
= 7.039
SD
= 1.755
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2003 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2003 N = 22549
Mean
= 6.963
SD
= 1.774
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2004 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2004 N = 21957
Mean
= 6.799
SD
= 1.831
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2005 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2005 N = 21026
Mean
= 6.945
SD
= 1.836
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2006 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2006 N = 22258
Mean
= 6.919
SD
= 1.792
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2008 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2008 N = 19628
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.756
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1993 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1993 N = 13113
Mean
= 6.883
SD
= 1.891
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2009 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2009 N = 20718
Mean
= 6.974
SD
= 1.783
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2010 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2010 N = 26648
Mean
= 7.245
SD
= 1.747
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2011 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2011 N = 26089
Mean
= 7.176
SD
= 1.744
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2012 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2012 N = 26690
Mean
= 7.190
SD
= 1.739
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2013 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2013 N = 30862
Mean
= 7.309
SD
= 1.758
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2014 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2014 N = 27275
Mean
= 7.248
SD
= 1.726
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2015 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2015 N = 27046
Mean
= 7.379
SD
= 1.732
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2016 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2016 N = 28829
Mean
= 7.353
SD
= 1.814
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 2017 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2017 N = 32333
Mean
= 7.332
SD
= 1.778
 Deter (2021): study DE 2001 18-65 aged, followed 2 years before and after social security reform, Germany 2001-2006 N = 81721
Mean
= 5.630
 Schober & Stahl (2016): study DE 2007 Mothers with <6 aged children, Germany, followed 5 years 2007 - 2012 N = 3203
Mean
= 7.470
 Heisig & Zierow (2019): study DE 2000 18-36 aged in Germany 2000-2016, born in former East Germany before and after extension of maternity leave in 1986 N = 1112
Mean
= 7.145
SD
= 1.667
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1994 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1994 N = 13344
Mean
= 6.854
SD
= 1.852
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1992 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1992 N = 13307
Mean
= 6.915
SD
= 1.822
 Dräger (2015): study DE 1995 Employees, Germany, followed 6 years,1995-2001 N = 4120
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.660
 Binder & Coad (2016): study DE 1997 Working aged people, Germany, 1997-2010 N = 153512
Mean
= 6.920
 Erlinghagen et al. (2009): study DE 2002 Emigrants out of Germany 1984-2005 N = 1242
Erlinghagen (2011): study DE 2002 /1 Emigrants who left Germany, followed 2002-2005 N = 32
Christoph (2010): study DE 2007 /1 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 2007 N = 11424
Mean
= 6.700
 Crost (2016): study DE 1992 18-65 aged, general public, Germany, followed 12 years 1992-2004 N = 6442
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 1.730
 Cheung & Lucas (2014): study DE 2010 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 2010 N = 1312
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.640
 Lachmann et al. (2016): study DE 2014 Visitors of a 'digital societ' exhibition, Germany and Austria, 2016 N = 4852
Mean
= 7.740
SD
= 2.160
 Christoph (2010): study DE 1998 Working aged, general public, Germany, 1998 N = 2130
Mean
= 7.600
 Akay (2012): study DE 1985 16-65 aged, taxpayers, Germany, 1985-2010 N = 188412
Mean
= 7.090
SD
= 1.700
 Guven & Hoxha (2015): study DE 1993 16+ aged, Germany, 1993-2006 N = 128510
Lara (2018): study MX 2014 Intimates left behind after migration, Mexico, 2014 N = 39274
Mean
= 7.940
 Cheung (2018): study DE 1984 18+ aged, general public, Germany followed 30 years 1984 - 2013 N = 4484400
Richter et al. (2018): study DE 2007 Mothers and their child, Germany, 2007/8 N = 291
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.880
 Boenigk & Mayr (2016): study DE 2009 Charity donors, Germany, 2009 N = 6906
Mean
= 7.200
SD
= 1.600
 GSOEP (2023): study DE 1991 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1991 N = 13535
Mean
= 6.948
SD
= 1.898
 Cho & Lee (2014): study DE 2000 50+ aged wage workers, Germany, followed 8 years, 2000-2007 N = 2602
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 1.780
 Pinquart & Schindler (2007): study DE 1984 Retirees, Germany, followed 19 years, 1984-2003 N = 1456
Wetzel et al. (2016): study DE 2004 57-65 aged Germany, followed 6 years before to 8 years after retirement, 2004-2018 N = 3361
Mean
= 7.020
 Abolhassani & Alessie (2013): study DE 1994 50-70 aged, followed 15 years, Germany, 1994-2009 N = 10275
Gülal & Adam (2018): study DE 2012 18-65 aged working people, Germany followed 4 years 2014-2016 N = 2944
Mean
= 7.191
SD
= 1.637
 Myrskyla & Margolis (2013): study DE 2003 New parents, Germany,before and after policy change, 2003-2005 or 2008-2010 N = 1113
Mean
= 7.210
SD
= 1.660
 O'Connor (2020): study DE 1996 Working aged, Germany, followed 17 years, 1996-2013 N = 233574
Jantsch et al. (2016): study DE 1998 16+ aged general public, Germany, 1998-2012 N = 219872
Petilliot (2018): study DE 2010 18+ aged, general public, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany 2010 N = 1988
Mean
= 7.195
SD
= 1.643
 Chadi (2018): study DE 2003 18+ aged. general public, Germany 2003-2008 N = 101391
Mean
= 6.872
SD
= 1.793
 Sarmiento et al. (2021): study DE 2005 Adult general public, Germany, followed 13 years 2005-2018 N = 1461
Mean
= 7.010
SD
= 1.750
 Statistisches Bundesamt (2006): study DE 2000 Mothers, Germany, 2000 N = 0
GSOEP (2023): study DE 1990 N = 13904
Mean
= 7.052
SD
= 1.884
 Dittmann & Goebel (2010): study DE 2000 17+ aged general public, Germany, followed 7 years, 2000-2006 N = 27249
Obucina (2013): study DE 1994 18-65 aged general public, Germany, followed 16 years, 1994-2009 N = 209989
Mean
= 6.876
SD
= 1.824
 Stutzer & Frey (2006): study XZ Germany West 1984 15+ aged, general public West Germany, 1984-2000 N = 15268
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.830
 Wunder et al. (2009): study DE 1986 15+ aged general public, Germany, 1986-2007 N = 33451
Mean
= 6.908
SD
= 1.812
 Rehdanz & Maddison (2009): study XZ Germany West 1994 Adults, general public, West-Germany, 1994-2004 N = 23014
Mean
= 6.792
SD
= 1.831
 Delken (2008): study DE 2004 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 2004 N = 22000
Zijlmans (2009): study DE 1998 21-64 aged working force, Germany, 1998-1999 N = 19093
Mean
= 6.930
 Zijlmans (2009): study DE 1998 /1 Unemployed, 21-64 aged, Germany, 1998-1999 N = 1975
Mean
= 5.810
 Trzcinski & Holst (2006): study DE 2001 17 aged, Germany, 2001-2004 N = 1202
Mean
= 7.630
SD
= 1.520
 Trzcinski & Holst (2006): study DE 2001 /1 Mothers of 17 aged, Germany, 2001-2004 N = 1202
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 1.850
 Spellerberg et al. (1992): study XZ Germany West 1988 18-65 aged, general public, West Germany. 1988 N = 2144
Mean
= 7.900
 Spellerberg et al. (1992): study DE East Germany 1990 18-65 aged, general public, East Germany, 1990 N = 735
Mean
= 6.500
 Headey (2008): study DE 1990 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1990-2004 N = 3553
Schimmack & Lucas (2007): study XZ Germany West 1984 Couples, followed 21 years, West-Germany 1984-2004 N = 1728
Plagnol & Easterlin (2006): study XZ Germany West 1984 First married, followed 7 years, Germany, 1984-2004 N = 1582
Gash et al. (2010): study DE 1996 Married women aged 20-59, Germany, followed 10 years, 1996-2006, N = 21189
Berger (2009): study DE 1994 Mothers aged 20-65, Germany, followed 14 years, 1994-2007 N = 5706
Mean
= 7.050
SD
= 1.772
 Habich & Noll (2004): study XZ Germany West 1984 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 1984-2003 N = 16698
Muffels & Kemperman (2011): study XZ Germany West 1984 20-55 aged, women, Germany, 1984-2007 N = 90297
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.820
 Cummins et al. (2003c): study XZ Germany West 1978 18+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1978 N = 2012
Mean
= 7.849
SD
= 1.751
 Cummins et al. (2003c): study XZ Germany West 1980 18+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1980 N = 2417
Mean
= 7.680
SD
= 1.815
 Cummins et al. (2003c): study XZ Germany West 1984 18+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1984 N = 2067
Mean
= 7.736
SD
= 1.901
 Cummins et al. (2003c): study XZ Germany West 1988 18+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1988 N = 2144
Mean
= 7.846
SD
= 1.750
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1984 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1984 N = 9039
Mean
= 7.450
SD
= 2.090
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1985 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1985 N = 8343
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 2.010
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1986 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1986 N = 7980
Mean
= 7.330
SD
= 1.890
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1987 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1987 N = 7842
Mean
= 7.130
SD
= 1.930
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1988 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1988 N = 7450
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 1.960
 Schilling (2006): study XZ Germany West 1989 16+ aged, general public, Germany-West (former), 1989 N = 7174
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.940
 Scherpenzeel (1995): study DE West Germany 1990 16+ aged, general public,West-Germany, Germany, 1990 N = 7005
Mean
= 7.310
SD
= 1.780
 Noll & Weick (2004): study DE 2002 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 2002 N = 28892
Börsch-Supan & Jürgens (2006): study XZ Germany West 1984 /1 25+ aged, general public, West-Germany, 1984-2002 N = 2000
Landua (1992a): study DE East Germany 1991 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1991 N = 0
Mean
= 6.000
 Isengard & Schneider (2002): study DE 1991 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 1991,1995,1999 N = 13000
Headey & Krause (1994): study XZ Germany West 1984 16+ aged, general public, West Germany, 1984-1991 N = 9114
Headey & Headey (2003): study DE 1990 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1990-1997 N = 10000
Headey et al. (1995): study DE East Germany 1990 16+ aged, general public, East Germany, 1990-1992 N = 4453
Mean
= 6.230
 Headey et al. (2008): study DE 2002 16+ aged, general public, Germany 2002 N = 9958
Gerlach & Stephan (1996): study XZ Germany West 1984 16-65 aged, general public, Germany, followed from 1984 to1993 N = 54066
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.840
 Winkelmann & Winkelmann (1998): study XZ Germany West 1984 20-64 aged males, Germany, followed 6 years, 1984-1990 N = 4183
Mean
= 7.400
 Winkelmann (2004): study XZ Germany West 1984 Parents and their 16+ aged children, West-Germany, followed from 1984 to 1997 N = 1309
Breuer (1987): study XZ Germany West 1984 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1984 N = 0
Mean
= 7.700
 Veenhoven (1994c): study XZ Germany West 1982 Immigrants, West Germany, 1982 N = 770
Veenhoven (1994c): study XZ Germany West 1984 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, 1984 N = 1569
Mean
= 7.400
 Habich & Noll (2002): study DE 2001 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 2001 N = 2739
Mean
= 7.500
 Habich (2002): study XZ Germany West 1978 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1978 - 2001. N = 20000
SD
= 1.730
 Mollenkopf et al. (2004): study FI 2000 55+ aged, Finland, 2000 N = 610
Mean
= 8.450
 Börsch-Supan & Jürgens (2006): study XZ Germany West 1984 50-65 aged, West-Germany, followed 18 years, 1984-2002 N = 10000
Luechinger et al. (2008): study XZ Germany West 1984 Employees, private and public sector. West-Germany, 1984-2004. N = 20764
Mean
= 7.300
SD
= 1.650
 Weick (2000): study DE 1998 18+ aged, general public, living in households, Germany, 1998 N = 14631
Lang (1999): study DE 1997 20-24 and 40-44 aged, Germany, 1997 N = 1639
Lucas (2008): study XZ Germany West 1984 Employed - unemployed - -re-employed, Germany, followed 15 years 1984-1998 N = 3733
Koch et al. (2005): study DE 2002 18-65 aged, on low wage or on social security, Germany, 2002-2003 N = 2568
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 1.740
 Knabe & Rätzel (2007): study DE 1992 21-64 aged, Germany, followed 13 years ,1992-2005 N = 152411
Mean
= 6.880
 Stutzer & Frey (2008): study XZ Germany West 1985 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 1985-1998 N = 270150
DiTella & MacCulloch (2006): study XZ Germany West 1985 /1 Employed females, Germany 1985-2000 N = 14000
DiTella & MacCulloch (2006): study DE West Germany 1985 Adults, general public, West Germany 1985-2000 N = 8649
Winkelmann (2009): study XZ Germany West 1984 Employed, who fell unemployed, West-Germany 1984-2004 N = 5536
Frey et al. (2004): study XZ Germany West 1985 Adults, general public, Germany 1985-1998 N = 27015
Oswald & Powdthavee (2007a): study DE 2002 Adults, general public, Germany, 2002 N = 24000
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.700
 Pouwels et al. (2008): study DE 1999 18-65 aged, couples, neither unemployed nor disabled, Germany, 1999 N = 2698
Habich et al. (1991): study DE East Germany 1990 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1990 N = 0
Mean
= 6.620
SD
= 2.010
 Böhnke et al. (2002): study DE 1993 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1993 N = 3062
Mean
= 7.499
SD
= 1.770
 Koczan (2013a): study DE 1984 16+ aged general public, Germany, followed 1-26 years, 1984-2010 N = 71779
Mean
= 7.100
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Niedersachsen 2010 16+ aged, general public,Niedersachsen, Germany, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 7.200
 D'Ambrosio & Frick (2004): study DE 1991 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1991 N = 4467
Mean
= 7.090
 Schwarze (2004): study DE 2002 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 2002 N = 2266
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 1.820
 Christoph (2008): study DE East Germany 2006 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2006 N = 0
Mean
= 6.300
 Christoph (2006): study DE West Germany 2004 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany region, Germany, 2004 N = 0
Mean
= 6.800
 Christoph (2008): study DE West Germany 2006 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany region, Germany, 2006 N = 0
Mean
= 6.900
 Christoph (2008): study DE East Germany 2007 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2007 N = 0
Mean
= 6.400
 Christoph (2008): study DE West Germany 2007 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany region, Germany, 2007 N = 0
Mean
= 6.900
 Göbel et al. (2011): study DE East Germany 2009 16+ aged, general public,East-Germany, Germany, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 6.500
 Göbel et al. (2011): study DE West Germany 2009 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 6.900
 Köcher & Raffelhüschen (2011): study DE 2011 Adults, age range not reported, general public, Germany, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.973
SD
= 1.925
 Guven (2009): study DE 1984 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1984 N = 15397
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 2.100
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Schleswig-Holstein 2010 16+ aged, general public,Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 7.300
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Hamburg 2010 16+ aged, general public,Hamburg, Germany, 2010 N = 224
Mean
= 7.100
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 2000 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 2000 N = 0
Mean
= 6.600
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Hessen 2010 16+ aged, general public,Hessen, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 7.100
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Baden-Wurttemberg 2010 16+ aged, general public,Baden-Wuertenberg, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 7.000
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Bayern 2010 16+ aged, general publicBayern, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 7.000
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Nordrhein-Westfalen 2010 16+ aged, general public,Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, 2010 N = 3009
Mean
= 7.000
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 2010 16+ aged, general public,Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 6.900
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Sachsen 2010 16+ aged, general public,Sachsen, Germany, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 6.700
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Sachsen-Anhalt 2010 16+ aged, general public,Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 6.700
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Berlin 2010 16+ aged, general public, Berlin, Germany, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 6.600
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Thueringen 2010 16+ aged, general public,Thueringen, Germany, 2010 N = 500
Mean
= 6.600
 Noll & Weick (2013): study DE Brandenburg 2010 16+ aged, general public,Brandenburg, Germany, 2010 N = 600
Mean
= 6.500
 Asendorpf (2008): study DE 2000 18+ aged, Germany, followed 6 years, 2000-2006 N = 13541
Dohmen et al. (2005): study DE 17+ aged, general public, Germany, 2004 N = 22019
D'Ambrosio & Frick (2004): study DE 1990 16+ aged, general public, Germany, 1990 N = 4433
Mean
= 7.130
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1999 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1999 N = 0
Mean
= 6.500
 Mau (1996): study DE West Germany 1994 18+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 0
Mean
= 7.400
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1992 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1992 N = 6780
Mean
= 7.300
SD
= 1.700
 Mau (1996): study DE West Germany 1995 18+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1995 N = 0
Mean
= 7.000
 Mau (1996): study DE East Germany 1994 18+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 0
Mean
= 6.900
 Mau (1996): study DE East Germany 1995 18+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1995 N = 0
Mean
= 6.200
 Weller (1998): study DE East Germany 1997 18+ aged, general public,East-Germany, Germany, 1997 N = 1078
Mean
= 7.079
SD
= 2.044
 Weller (1998): study DE West Germany 1997 18+ aged, general public, West Germany, Germany, 1997 N = 2019
Mean
= 7.648
SD
= 1.888
 Weller (1998): study DE West Germany 1993 18+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1993 N = 0
Mean
= 7.911
SD
= 1.557
 Weller (1998): study DE East Germany 1993 18+ aged, general public, East Germany,Germany, 1993 N = 0
Mean
= 6.894
SD
= 1.805
 Wohlfahrtssurvey (2000): study DE East Germany 1998 18+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1998 N = 1035
Mean
= 7.272
SD
= 1.701
 Wohlfahrtssurvey (2000): study DE West Germany 1998 18+ aged, general public, West-Germany region, Germany, 1998 N = 2051
Mean
= 7.727
SD
= 1.609
 Habich et al. (1999): study DE 1998 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 1998 N = 3042
Mean
= 7.600
 Noll & Zapf (1991): study DE East Germany 1990 /1 18+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1990 N = 735
Mean
= 6.617
SD
= 2.010
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1991 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1991 N = 6898
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.700
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1993 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany,Germany, 1993 N = 6718
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 1.780
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1998 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1998 N = 0
Mean
= 6.500
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1994 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 6595
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.780
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1995 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1995 N = 6522
Mean
= 7.070
SD
= 1.800
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1996 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1996 N = 6442
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.750
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1997 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany, Germany, 1997 N = 6366
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.790
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1998 16+ aged, general public,West-Germany, Germany, 1998 N = 6169
Mean
= 7.050
SD
= 1.770
 Schilling (2006): study DE West Germany 1999 16+ aged, general public,West-Germany, Germany, 1999 N = 6033
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.770
 GSOEP (2009): study DE West Germany 2000 16+ aged, general public, West-Germany region, Germany, 2000 N = 0
Mean
= 7.200
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1992 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1992 N = 4092
Mean
= 6.100
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1993 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1993 N = 3973
Mean
= 6.200
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1995 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1995 N = 3892
Mean
= 6.400
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1994 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1994 N = 3945
Mean
= 6.200
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1996 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1996 N = 3882
Mean
= 6.400
 GSOEP (2009): study DE East Germany 1997 16+ aged, general public, East-Germany, Germany, 1997 N = 3844
Mean
= 6.300
 Huss & Pollmann-Schult (2020): study DE 1994 18-65 aged separated women, Germany, followed 2 years or more, 1994 - 2016 N = 1919
Mean
= 6.670
SD
= 1.860