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Happiness Measures

Measures of Happiness: A-AB-yd-mq-v-2-b

Characteristics

Code:
A-AB-yd-mq-v-2-b
Focus:
Affect: Affect Balance (Various) (A-AB)
Time frame:
yesterday (yd)
Mode:
multiple questions (mq)
Scale Type:
verbal scale (v)
Scale Range:
2

Description

Self report on 14 questions

Did you experience the following feelings during A LOT OF THE DAY yesterday? How about..
A  enjoyment?
B  physical pain
C  worry
D  sadness
E  stress
F  anger
G  depression
H  love

Now please think about YESTERDAY, from the morning until the end of the day. Think of where you were, what you were doing and how you felt.
I    Did you feel well rested yesterday?
J   Did you smile or laugh a lot yesterday?
K  Did you learn or do something interesting yesterday?
L  Would you like to have more days just like yesterday?
M  Were you proud of something you did yesterday?
N   Were you treated with respect all day yesterday?

Rated:
1  yes
0 no
-  no answer, don't know

Computation:
- Average % positive affect = (A+H+I+J+K+L+M+N)/8
- Average % negative affect = (B+C+D+E+F+G)/6
- Affect Balance = Average % positive affect - Average % negative affect

Transformation to range 0-10:
(Score[range-100-100] + 100)/200*10

These questions do not measure hedonic level of affect of individual persons adequately, since yesterday's mood does not always correspond with typical average mood. Yet these questions can be used for measuring hedonic level in aggregates, such as nations, since individual variations balance out in big samples.

List of Studies Using this Measure

Study Population N Mean
Standard Deviation
Berg (2010): study ZZ 2000 Adults, general public, 119 countries, 2000-2006 N = 119
Berg & Veenhoven (2009): study ZZ 2005 Adults, general public, 142 countries, 2005-2009 N = 25000
Gallup (2008a): study AF 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study DZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 21.000
Gallup (2008a): study AO 2006 15+ aged, general public, urban areas, Angola, 2006 N = 974
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study AM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 21.000
Gallup (2008a): study AZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2007 N = 952
Mean
= 21.000
Gallup (2008a): study BY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2007 N = 1068
Mean
= 26.000
Gallup (2008a): study BE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 988
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study BJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study BO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study BW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study BR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2007 N = 1038
Mean
= 53.000
Gallup (2008a): study BF 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study BG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study BI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study KH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2008 N = 1016
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study CM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 35.000
Gallup (2008a): study CA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 59.000
Gallup (2008a): study TD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 37.000
Gallup (2008a): study CL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2008 N = 1106
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study CN 2007 15+ aged, general public, China, 2007 N = 4227
Mean
= 48.000
Gallup (2008a): study CO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study CR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 59.000
Gallup (2008a): study HR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 29.000
Gallup (2008a): study CU 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, urban areas, Cuba, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 37.000
Gallup (2008a): study CY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study CZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1058
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study DO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2007 N = 987
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study EC 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 54.000
Gallup (2008a): study EG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2008 N = 1096
Mean
= 35.000
Gallup (2008a): study EE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 597
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study ET 2007 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 11.000
Gallup (2008a): study FI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 54.000
Gallup (2008a): study FR 2008 15+ aged, general public, France, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study GE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2008 N = 1077
Mean
= 19.000
Gallup (2008a): study DE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2008 N = 4012
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study GH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 53.000
Gallup (2008a): study GT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2008 N = 991
Mean
= 56.000
Gallup (2008a): study HT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 26.000
Gallup (2008a): study HN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study IN 2008 15+ aged, general public, India, 2008 N = 1943
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study ID 2008 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 54.000
Gallup (2008a): study IE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 60.000
Gallup (2008a): study IT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 39.000
Gallup (2008a): study KE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2008 N = 2192
Mean
= 62.000
Gallup (2008a): study XY Kosovo 2007 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study KG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study LA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study LV 2008 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2008 N = 510
Mean
= 33.000
Gallup (2008a): study LT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 26.000
Gallup (2008a): study MK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study MG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study MW 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study MY 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study ML 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 60.000
Gallup (2008a): study MR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study MX 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 58.000
Gallup (2008a): study MD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2007 N = 980
Mean
= 26.000
Gallup (2008a): study ME 2007 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study MA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2007 N = 1031
Mean
= 32.000
Gallup (2008a): study NP 2007 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 51.000
Gallup (2008a): study NL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 56.000
Gallup (2008a): study NZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2008 N = 744
Mean
= 53.000
Gallup (2008a): study NI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study NE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 50.000
Gallup (2008a): study NG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 50.000
Gallup (2008a): study NO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2008 N = 993
Mean
= 56.000
Gallup (2008a): study PS 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 18.000
Gallup (2008a): study PA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 62.000
Gallup (2008a): study PY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 61.000
Gallup (2008a): study PE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2008 N = 991
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study PL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 46.000
Gallup (2008a): study PT 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2006 N = 963
Mean
= 39.000
Gallup (2008a): study PR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 54.000
Gallup (2008a): study RU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study RW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 41.000
Gallup (2008a): study SN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 46.000
Gallup (2008a): study RS 2007 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study SL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 28.000
Gallup (2008a): study SK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2006 N = 1008
Mean
= 32.000
Gallup (2008a): study SI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study ZA 2007 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2007 N = 961
Mean
= 47.000
Gallup (2008a): study KR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 32.000
Gallup (2008a): study ES 2008 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study LK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 41.000
Gallup (2008a): study SE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2008 N = 996
Mean
= 58.000
Gallup (2008a): study CH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study TW 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study TJ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2007 N = 996
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study TZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2007 N = 994
Mean
= 45.000
Gallup (2008a): study TG 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 33.000
Gallup (2008a): study LB 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 23.000
Gallup (2008a): study TT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2006 N = 505
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study UG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 38.000
Gallup (2008a): study UA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2008 N = 1040
Mean
= 35.000
Gallup (2008a): study AE 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 45.000
Gallup (2008a): study GB 2008 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 48.000
Gallup (2008a): study US 2008 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 54.000
Gallup (2008a): study UY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 47.000
Gallup (2008a): study UZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2008 N = 960
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study VE 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2006 N = 992
Mean
= 64.000
Gallup (2008a): study VN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 47.000
Gallup (2008a): study YE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 22.000
Gallup (2008a): study ZM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study ZW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 35.000
Gallup (2008a): study AL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 28.000
Gallup (2008a): study AR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 47.000
Gallup (2008a): study AU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 51.000
Gallup (2008a): study AT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 53.000
Gallup (2008a): study BD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 38.000
Gallup (2008a): study BZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2007 N = 491
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study CF 2007 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2007 N = 995
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study CD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study DJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 62.000
Gallup (2008a): study SV 2008 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 58.000
Gallup (2008a): study GN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2007 N = 974
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study GY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study IQ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2008 N = 982
Mean
= 14.000
Gallup (2008a): study LR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study MZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2007 N = 985
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study MM 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 41.000
Gallup (2008a): study NA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 62.000
Gallup (2008a): study PH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2008 N = 989
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study SG 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 39.000
Gallup (2008a): study SD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 49.000
Gallup (2008a): study TR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 32.000
Gallup (2008a): study DK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 1007
Mean
= 60.000
Gallup (2008a): study GR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2007 N = 995
Mean
= 41.000
Gallup (2008a): study HU 2007 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2007 N = 1005
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study IR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 23.000
Gallup (2008a): study IL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study JM 2006 /2 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 56.000
Gallup (2008a): study JP 2008 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study JO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2007 N = 1016
Mean
= 36.000
Gallup (2008a): study KZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 38.000
Gallup (2008a): study KG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 20.000
Gallup (2008a): study MN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 30.000
Gallup (2008a): study PK 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study RO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 33.000
Gallup (2008a): study SA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2008 N = 1145
Mean
= 46.000
Gallup (2008a): study TH 2007 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 56.000
Gallup (2008a): study TN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 29.000
Gallup (2008a): study AF 2008 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 25.000
Gallup (2008a): study AL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 28.000
Gallup (2008a): study AO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 37.000
Gallup (2008a): study AZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study BY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 24.000
Gallup (2008a): study BA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study TD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 41.000
Gallup (2008a): study CN 2008 15+ aged, general public, China, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 51.000
Gallup (2008a): study CG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 38.000
Gallup (2008a): study HR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 29.000
Gallup (2008a): study LU 2009 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 48.000
Gallup (2008a): study DO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 39.000
Gallup (2008a): study HT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 30.000
Gallup (2008a): study IS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 66.000
Gallup (2008a): study IL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study KZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 39.000
Gallup (2008a): study XY Kosovo 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 29.000
Gallup (2008a): study MK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study MY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 52.000
Gallup (2008a): study MD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 29.000
Gallup (2008a): study MZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study NP 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 45.000
Gallup (2008a): study PT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 43.000
Gallup (2008a): study RS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 32.000
Gallup (2008a): study ZA 2008 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 50.000
Gallup (2008a): study TW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study TJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 37.000
Gallup (2008a): study TZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 48.000
Gallup (2008a): study TH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 59.000
Gallup (2008a): study VE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 62.000
Gallup (2008a): study KW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 27.000
Gallup (2008a): study MT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 31.000
Gallup (2008a): study SY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 46.000
Gallup (2008a): study PL 2009 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 45.000
Gallup (2008a): study LB 2009 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 20.000
Gallup (2008a): study AE 2009 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 21.000
Gallup (2008a): study JO 2009 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 34.000
Gallup (2008a): study MR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 50.000
Gallup (2008a): study MA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 44.000
Gallup (2008a): study PS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 10.000
Gallup (2008a): study SA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 40.000
Gallup (2008a): study SD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 42.000
Gallup (2008a): study TN 2009 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 35.000
Gallup (2008a): study YE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 18.000
Brulé & Veenhoven (2012): study ZZ Europe 2000 Adults, 6 European nations, 2000-2009 N = 55000
Biswas-Diener et al. (2012): study IN 2006 15+ aged general public, India, 2006-2008 N = 10296
Mean
= 0.460
SD
= 0.600