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Correlational findings

Study Costa & McCrae (1980): study US 1976

Public
35-85 aged white males (largely veterans), USA, 1976
Sample
Respondents
N = 1100
Non Response
T1:21%; T2:18%; T3:27%; T4:46%
Assessment
Questionnaire: Paper & Pencil Interview (PAPI)
Mailed questionnaire att intervals of 3 months

Correlate

Authors's Label
Hopelessness
Our Classification
Remarks
The Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Weisman, Lester and Trexler, 1974)
Operationalization
Selfreport on 20 questions, such as
- I might as well give up because I cant make things better for my self (true)
- I can't imagine what my life would be like in 20 years (true)
I lok forward to the future with hope and enthusiasm (false)
- When things are going badly I am helped by knowing they can't stay that way forever

Observed Relation with Happiness

Happiness Measure Statistics Elaboration / Remarks A-BB-cm-mq-v-2-b r = +.61 p < .001 Hopelessness assessed at T3. Hedonic level sum of scores at T1, T2, T3 and T4 (3 month-intervals).