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Correlational findings

Study Ding (2017): study CN 2011

Public
45+ aged, rural hukou, China, 2011
Survey name
CN-China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)
Sample
Respondents
N = 10378
Non Response
Assessment
Interview: face-to-face

Correlate

Authors's Label
Education
Our Classification
Related specification variables
Operationalization
selfreported
1: No formal education (Illiterate)
2: Did not finish primary school but can read
3: Sishu (private tutoring)
4: Elementary school
5: Middle school
6: High school
7: Vocational school
8: 2/3  years college/associate degree
9: 4 years college/Bachelor's degree
10: Master program
11: PhD

Observed Relation with Happiness

Happiness Measure Statistics Elaboration / Remarks O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z b = +.00 ns b controlled for
- age
- edu
- marriage
- health
- residence
- income, land, house
- new rural pension program (NRPP)
- other pension
- descendant
- having at least one son O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z b-iv = -.00 ns Additionally Instrument Variables used for new rural pension program
- availability of new rural pension program
- expects to rely on pension O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.00 ns - All sample O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.01 ns - Age 45-49 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = +.00 ns - Age 60-74 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.10 ns - Age 75+

OLRC controlled for
- gender
- age
- marriage
- health
- residence
- income, land, house
- new rural pension program
- other pension
- descendant
- having at least one son

Similar results when using Instrument Variables for new rural pension program
- availability of new rural pension program
- expects to rely on pension O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.01 ns Those without coverage of any pension plan
- All sample O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.03 ns - Age 45-49 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = +.03 ns - Age 60-74 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.12 ns - Age 75+

OLRC controlled for
- gender
- age
- marriage
- health
- residence
- income, land, house
- descendant
- having at least one son O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.01 ns - All sample O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.03 ns - Age 45-49 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = +.03 ns - Age 60-74 O-SLW-c-sq-v-5-z OLRC = -.12 ns - Age 75+

Additionally controlled for voluntarily not to participate in the new rural pension program