print

Happiness Measures

Characteristics

Code:
C-BW-c-sq-l-11-c
Focus:
Contentment: Best-Worst possible life (C-BW)
Time frame:
currently (today, these days, presently) (c)
Mode:
1 question (sq)
Scale Type:
ladder scale (l)
Scale Range:
11

Description

Self report on single question:

Here is ladder representing the 'ladder of life'. Let's suppose the top of the ladder represents the best possible life for you; and the bottom, the worst possible life for you. On which step of the ladder do you feel you personally stand at the present time?
10 best possible
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 worst possible life

This question was followed (not preceded) by items on life 5 years ago and 5 years from now.

List of Studies Using this Measure

Study Population N Mean
Standard Deviation
Pew Research Center (2002): study ZZ 2002 Adults, general public, 44 nations, 2002 N = 38263
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2009 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2010 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.390
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2011 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.690
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2012 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.180
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2013 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2014 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 2.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2015 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2016 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2019 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2005 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.250
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2013 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CU 2006 15+ aged general public, Cuba, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.480
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.740
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2005 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 8.020
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2007 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.830
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2008 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.970
SD
= 1.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2009 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.680
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2010 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.770
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2011 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.790
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2012 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.520
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2013 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.590
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2014 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2015 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2006 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2019 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2019 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.690
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2011 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2019 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 3.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2009 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.980
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2011 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.520
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2012 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2013 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2014 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2015 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2016 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.520
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2006 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2007 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2008 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2009 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.610
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2010 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.270
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2012 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.270
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2016 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2013 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2014 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2015 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2016 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.140
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2019 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2007 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2009 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2010 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2011 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2012 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2013 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2014 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2015 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2016 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.560
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DJ 2008 15+ aged general public, Djibouti, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2015 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.690
SD
= 2.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2014 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.860
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2013 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 2.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2014 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2015 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2016 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2019 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.330
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2006 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2007 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2008 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2009 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2010 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.740
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2011 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2012 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.930
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2013 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2015 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2011 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.170
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2016 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2019 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2006 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2007 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2008 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2009 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2011 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2012 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2013 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2014 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.560
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2015 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2016 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2019 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2019 N = 0
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2012 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2010 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DJ 2009 15+ aged general public, Djibouti, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 1.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2019 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 3.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DJ 2010 15+ aged general public, Djibouti, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DJ 2011 15+ aged general public, Djibouti, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.370
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2006 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.090
SD
= 3.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2007 15+ aged general public, Dominican Rebublic, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2008 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 3.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2009 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 3.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2010 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 3.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2011 15+ aged general public, Domican Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
SD
= 3.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2012 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2013 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2014 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2015 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 2.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2016 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.240
SD
= 3.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2006 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2009 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2007 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2008 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2009 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2010 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2011 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2012 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2013 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2014 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2015 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2016 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.120
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2019 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.810
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2005 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2007 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.540
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2008 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2016 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.120
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2014 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.060
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2013 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2010 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2009 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.110
SD
= 1.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2010 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.140
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2011 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 1.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2012 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2013 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.670
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2014 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.880
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2015 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2016 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2019 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2006 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.850
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2007 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2008 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2009 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2011 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2007 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 1.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2012 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.240
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2013 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2014 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.240
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2015 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2016 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2019 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2005 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2007 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.480
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2008 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.490
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2009 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.490
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2010 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.650
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2011 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2012 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2008 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 1.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2006 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2014 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2016 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2012 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.660
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2013 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.140
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2014 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2015 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2016 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2019 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2007 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.840
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2010 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.910
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2011 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.880
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2012 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2013 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.990
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2014 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2015 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2019 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.110
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BI 2014 15+ aged general public, Burundi, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2006 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2007 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 1.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2008 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.850
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2010 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 1.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2011 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.790
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2012 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.960
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2013 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2014 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2015 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.420
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2016 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2019 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BI 2008 15+ aged general public, Burundi, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BI 2009 15+ aged general public, Burundi, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.790
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BI 2011 15+ aged general public, Burundi, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.710
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2013 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.590
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2015 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2013 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.950
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2011 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2010 15+ aged general public, China, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2011 15+ aged general public, China, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2012 15+ aged general public, China, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.090
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2013 15+ aged general public, China, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.240
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2014 15+ aged general public, China, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2015 15+ aged general public, China, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2016 15+ aged general public, China, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2019 15+ aged general public, China, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2006 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2007 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 2.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2008 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2009 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2010 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.410
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2012 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2008 15+ aged general public, China, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2013 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2014 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2015 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.390
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2016 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2019 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.350
SD
= 2.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2009 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2010 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.810
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2011 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.840
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2012 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.960
SD
= 1.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2019 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 3.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2008 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2011 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2012 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.920
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2009 15+ aged general public, China, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2007 15+ aged general public, China, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2016 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.240
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2014 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.460
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2019 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.110
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CF 2007 15+ aged general public, Central African Republic, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CF 2010 15+ aged general public, Central African Republic, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CF 2011 15+ aged general public, Central African Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CF 2016 15+ aged general public, Central African Republic, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.690
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2006 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.430
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2007 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.140
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2008 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2009 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.640
SD
= 1.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2010 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.740
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2011 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.390
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2012 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.030
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2013 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.510
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2015 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2006 15+ aged general public, China, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2016 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.030
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2019 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.250
SD
= 3.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2006 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2007 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2008 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2009 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.490
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2010 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2011 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2012 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2013 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.740
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2014 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2015 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2016 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2019 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2012 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2014 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2010 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2012 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 2.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2009 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2010 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2011 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2012 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2013 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.290
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2014 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2015 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2016 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2019 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2005 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2007 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2008 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2011 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 2.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2013 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2007 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2014 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2015 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2016 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2019 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2008 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2009 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2010 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2011 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2012 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2013 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 3.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2014 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.540
SD
= 2.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2015 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 3.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2016 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 2.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2008 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2006 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.950
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2006 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.140
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2012 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.590
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2005 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2007 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.950
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2009 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2010 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2011 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.920
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2012 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2013 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2014 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.180
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2015 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2016 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2018 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2019 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2008 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.890
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2013 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2019 15+ aged general public, India, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.250
SD
= 2.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2015 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2016 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2019 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.530
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2006 15+ aged general public, India, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2007 15+ aged general public, India, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2008 15+ aged general public, India, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2009 15+ aged general public, India, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.520
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2010 15+ aged general public, India, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2011 15+ aged general public, India, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2012 15+ aged general public, India, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2013 15+ aged general public, India, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2014 15+ aged general public, India, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.420
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2015 15+ aged general public, India, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2016 15+ aged general public, India, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2018 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2008 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.570
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2016 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2015 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JM 2011 15+ aged general public, Jamaica, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JM 2013 15+ aged general public, Jamaica, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 2.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JM 2014 15+ aged general public, Jamaica, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 2.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JM 2017 15+ aged general public, Jamaica, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2005 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2007 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2008 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2009 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2010 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2011 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.260
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2012 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2013 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2014 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.920
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2016 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2009 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2019 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2013 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.740
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2014 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2015 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2016 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.540
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2019 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 3.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2005 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.290
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2007 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2008 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2009 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2010 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2011 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.540
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2012 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JM 2006 15+ aged general public, Jamaica, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.210
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2019 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2009 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.050
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2011 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2010 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2011 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.010
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2012 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2013 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.760
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2014 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.020
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2015 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2016 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2019 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2006 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.170
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2007 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2008 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2009 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.350
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2010 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.360
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2012 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.110
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2016 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2013 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2014 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2015 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2016 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2005 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2007 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2008 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.780
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2009 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2010 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.350
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2011 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2012 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2013 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2014 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2015 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.850
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2019 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.660
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2014 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2015 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2008 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2007 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.710
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2008 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2009 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2010 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2011 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2012 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.250
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2013 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2014 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2015 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.120
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2016 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2019 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2005 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.620
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2007 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.420
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2009 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GM 2019 15+ aged general public, Gambia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 3.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2010 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.720
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2011 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.620
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2012 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2013 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.970
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2014 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2015 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2016 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.870
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2019 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2006 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.540
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2007 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2008 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2009 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2010 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2006 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2019 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 2.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2012 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2006 15+ aged general public, France, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2016 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2019 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2006 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.670
SD
= 1.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2008 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.670
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2010 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.390
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2011 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.350
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2012 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2013 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.440
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2014 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2015 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.450
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2016 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.660
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2019 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.780
SD
= 1.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2005 15+ aged general public, France, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.090
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2008 15+ aged general public, France, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.010
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2016 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2009 15+ aged general public, France, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.280
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2010 15+ aged general public, France, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2011 15+ aged general public, France, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2012 15+ aged general public, France, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.650
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2013 15+ aged general public, France, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.670
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2014 15+ aged general public, France, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.470
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2015 15+ aged general public, France, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.360
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2016 15+ aged general public, France, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.480
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2019 15+ aged general public, France, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.690
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2011 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.260
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2012 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2013 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2014 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.920
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2015 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2011 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2013 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2012 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2008 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 2.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2019 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 3.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GY 2007 15+ aged general public, Guyana, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.990
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2006 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.750
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2008 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.850
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2010 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.770
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2011 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2012 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2013 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2014 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.890
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2015 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 2.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2016 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.350
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2006 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2007 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2009 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2015 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2010 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2011 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2012 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2013 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 2.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2014 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2015 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 3.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2016 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2019 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.930
SD
= 3.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2006 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2008 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2009 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2010 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.640
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2011 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2016 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2014 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.410
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2014 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.860
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2016 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2015 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.990
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2016 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2018 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2019 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2005 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2007 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.650
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2009 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.040
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2010 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2011 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2012 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2013 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2014 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 2.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2015 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2019 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2013 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2006 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2007 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2008 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.410
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2009 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2010 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.290
SD
= 2.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2011 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2012 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.860
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2013 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.980
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2014 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.540
SD
= 2.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2015 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 2.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2016 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.360
SD
= 2.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2019 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.260
SD
= 2.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2011 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2012 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.650
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2011 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2009 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2014 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2018 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2017 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CY 2018 15+ aged general public, Cyprus, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.280
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.790
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2017 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.590
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DK 2018 15+ aged general public, Denmark, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.650
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2017 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 3.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DO 2018 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 3.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2017 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EC 2018 15+ aged general public, Ecuador, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2017 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.930
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EG 2018 15+ aged general public, Egypt, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SV 2017 15+ aged general public, El Salvador, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.340
SD
= 2.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2017 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2017 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study EE 2018 15+ aged general public, Estonia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2017 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ET 2018 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2017 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.790
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FI 2018 15+ aged general public, Finland, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.860
SD
= 1.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2017 15+ aged general public, France, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study FR 2018 15+ aged general public, France, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.670
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2017 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GA 2018 15+ aged general public, Gabon, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 2.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GM 2017 15+ aged general public, Gambia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.120
SD
= 2.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GM 2018 15+ aged general public, Gambia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.920
SD
= 3.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2017 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GE 2018 15+ aged general public, Georgia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HR 2018 15+ aged general public, Croatia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.540
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2018 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.140
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2018 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2017 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2017 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2018 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.460
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2017 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2018 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.190
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2017 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BG 2018 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2017 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BF 2018 15+ aged general public, Burkina Faso, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BI 2018 15+ aged general public, Burundi, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.780
SD
= 2.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2017 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 2.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KH 2018 15+ aged general public, Cambodia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2017 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 2.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CM 2018 15+ aged general public, Cameroon, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 2.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CA 2018 15+ aged general public, Canada, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CR 2017 15+ aged general public, Costa Rica, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CF 2017 15+ aged general public, Central African Republic, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 2.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2017 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 2.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TD 2018 15+ aged general public, Chad, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 3.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2017 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CL 2018 15+ aged general public, Chile, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2017 15+ aged general public, China, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CN 2018 15+ aged general public, China, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2017 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.160
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CO 2018 15+ aged general public, Colombia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.980
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KM 2018 15+ aged general public, Comoros, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 2.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2017 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CG 2018 15+ aged general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 3.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CD 2017 15+ aged general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DE 2017 15+ aged general public, Germany, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.070
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GH 2017 15+ aged general public, Ghana, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2017 15+ aged general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.090
SD
= 2.280
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ Commonwealth of Independant States 2010 15+ aged general public, Commonwealth of Independant States, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2017 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.480
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2018 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.750
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ 2010 15+ Aged General Public in 120 Nations 2010- 2012 N = 301516
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 2.180
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ South Sahara Africa 2011 15+ aged general public . Sub Sahran Africa 2011 N = 23674
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ EU 27 2010 15+ aged general public, European Union 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.120
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ North America 2010 15+ aged general public, North America, 2010- 2012 N = 10000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.870
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ Latin America 2010 15+ aged general public , Latin American countries, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 6.220
SD
= 2.420
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ South Sahara Africa 2010 15+ aged general public, Sub-Sahara African countries, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 4.470
SD
= 1.840
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ Various nation sets 2010 /1 15+ aged general public. Middle East and North African nations 2010- 2012 N = 1000000
Mean
= 5.500
SD
= 2.160
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ East Asia 2010 15+ aged general public, East Asian countries, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 2.020
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ South Asia 2010 15+ aged general public, South Asian countries, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 2.020
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ South East Asia 2010 15+ aged general public, South East Asian countries, 2010- 2012 N = 100000
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 1.800
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ Australia and New Zealand 2010 15+ aged general public, Australia and New Zealand, 2010- 2012 N = 6000
Mean
= 7.390
SD
= 1.750
Graham & Nikolova (2013a): study ZZ Various nation sets 2010 15+ aged general public, Eurppean nations, other than EU and Balkans, 2010- 2012 N = 10000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.750
Moller & Roberts (2017): study ZA 2012 16+ aged general public, South Africa, 2012 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.430
Crabtree & Burchell (2018): study ZZ 2016 15+ aged, 142 nations, 2016 N = 142000
Mean
= 5.260
Helliwell et al. (2021): study FI 2020 15+ aged general public, Finland 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.889
Helliwell et al. (2021): study AL 2020 15+ aged general public, Albania 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
Helliwell et al. (2021): study AR 2020 15+ aged general public, Argentina 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.901
Helliwell et al. (2021): study AU 2020 15+ aged general public, Australia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.137
Helliwell et al. (2021): study AT 2020 15+ aged general public, Austria 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.213
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BH 2020 15+ aged general public, Bahrain 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.173
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BD 2020 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.280
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BE 2020 15+ aged general public, Belgium 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.839
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BJ 2020 15+ aged general public, Benin 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.408
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BO 2020 15+ aged general public, Bolivia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.559
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BA 2020 15+ aged general public, Bosnia Herzegovina 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.516
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2018 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 2.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2017 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 2.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2018 15+ aged general public, India, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GR 2018 15+ aged general public, Greece, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.410
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2017 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GT 2018 15+ aged general public, Guatemala, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.630
SD
= 2.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2017 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 2.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GN 2018 15+ aged general public, Guinea, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 3.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2017 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HT 2018 15+ aged general public, Haiti, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.610
SD
= 3.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2017 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HN 2018 15+ aged general public, Honduras, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 3.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HK 2017 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study HU 2017 15+ aged general public, Hungary, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.070
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IS 2017 15+ aged general public, Iceland, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.480
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IN 2017 15+ aged general public, India, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.050
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2017 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2017 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ID 2018 15+ aged general public, Indonesia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2017 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 2.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IR 2018 15+ aged general public, Iran, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IQ 2017 15+ aged general public, Iraq, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2017 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.060
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IE 2018 15+ aged general public, Ireland, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2017 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.330
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IL 2018 15+ aged general public, Israel, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.930
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2017 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study IT 2018 15+ aged general public, Italy, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2017 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CI 2018 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 3.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2017 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JP 2018 15+ aged general public, Japan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2018 15+ aged general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2018 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.920
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BG 2020 15+ aged general public, Bulgaria 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.598
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 2.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2016 N = 955
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2016 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Somalia, 2016 N = 1185
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2016 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Republic of Korea, 2016 N = 987
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SS 2016 15+ aged, general public, South Sudan, 2016 N = 985
Mean
= 2.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2016 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2016 N = 986
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2016 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2016 N = 990
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2016 N = 962
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2016 N = 984
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2016 N = 993
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2016 N = 993
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2016 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2016 N = 992
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2016 N = 990
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2016 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2016 N = 1836
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2016 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2016 15+ aged, general public, United States of America, 2016 N = 1026
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay N = 988
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan N = 976
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2016 N = 1021
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2016 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2016 N = 987
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2016 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2016 N = 965
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2016 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2016 N = 1022
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2016 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2016 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2016 N = 962
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2016 N = 1010
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2016 N = 994
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2016 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2016 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2016 N = 988
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2016 N = 992
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2016 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MM 2016 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2016 N = 1017
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2016 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2016 N = 941
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2016 N = 1003
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2016 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2016 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2016 N = 942
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2016 N = 986
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2016 N = 975
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2016 N = 1998
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2016 15+ aged, general public, Palestinian Territories, 2016 N = 996
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2016 N = 991
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2016 N = 977
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2016 N = 980
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2016 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2016 N = 993
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2016 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2016 N = 1940
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2016 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2016 N = 982
Mean
= 3.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2017 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2017 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.750
Ivlevs et al. (2019): study ZZ World samples 2009 Intimates left behind after migration, Multiple nations, 2009 - 2011 N = 142468
Mean
= 5.500
SD
= 2.210
Myers & Diener (2018): study ZZ adults, general, multiple nations, years unknown N = 0
Vandersluis et al. (2016): study NL 2011 Transgender women who underwent secondary intestinal vaginoplasty between 1970-2000, Netherlands, 201? N = 9
Mean
= 7.900
SD
= 0.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2017 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.662
SD
= 1.454
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2018 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.694
SD
= 1.408
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2017 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2018 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2017 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.040
SD
= 2.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2018 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2017 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2018 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2018 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.750
Graham & Nikolova (2018): study ZZ Latin America 2009 Emigrants, Latin America, Multiple nations, 2009-2016 N = 180000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2017 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2018 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2017 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2017 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2018 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2017 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2018 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2017 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.930
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2018 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.890
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2017 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 3.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2018 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 3.310
Hendriks et al. (2018): study ZZ Various nation sets 2009 Migrants, Multiple nations, 2009-2016 N = 36000
Cardenas et al. (2009): study ZZ Latin America 1995 Adults, Latin America, Multiple nations, 1995 - 2007 N = 20000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MU 2016 15+ aged, general public, Mauritius, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2016 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2016 N = 982
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 5.300
Delhey & Kroll (2012): study ZZ OECD member states 2008 18+ aged, general public, OECD member states, 2008 N = 340000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2015 N = 1050
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2012 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2006 N = 1008
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2015 N = 1052
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2014 /2 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2014 N = 989
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2009 N = 2097
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2015 N = 963
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 5.100
Flavin & Shufeldt (2017): study US 2010 18+ aged, general public, in 41 states of the USA, 2010-13 N = 10000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2015 /2 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 3.700
Diener & Tay (2015): study ZZ 2005 /1 15+ aged, general public, 164 nations, 2005-2013 N = 1229431
Mean
= 5.400
Kasmaoui & Bourhaba (2017): study ZZ 2006 18+ aged, general public, 132 nations, 2006 N = 1320000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.100
Averina, M. et al. (2005): study RU Archangelsk 1999 15+ aged general public, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 2000 N = 3705
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.800
Tay et al. (2017a): study US 2012 18+ aged employed collage graduates with Internet access, USA, 201? N = 2781
Mean
= 6.930
SD
= 1.530
Diener & Suh (2010): study KR 2010 15+ aged, general public, South Korea, 2010 N = 1100
Mean
= 5.300
Easterlin et al. (2011): study ZZ 2005 15+ aged general public, 80 countries,2005-2008 N = 212000
Diener et al. (2018): study ZZ 2005 15+ aged, general public, 160 nations, 2005-2015 N = 1468274
Diego-Rosell et al. (2018): study ZZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, 153 nations, 2011-2013 N = 370635
Bikus (2015): study UA 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Helliwell et al. (2018): study ZZ World samples 2005 18+ aged, general public, 157 nations, followed 7 years, 2005-2012 N = 157
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.110
Michalos & Hatch (2020): study ZZ 2007 18+ aged, general public, 105 nations, 2018 N = 105
Steptoe et al. (2014): study ZZ Various nation sets 2006 15+ aged, general public, 96 nations, 2006-2010 N = 288044
Tsurumi et al. (2018): study JP Tokyo 2014 20-83 aged, general public, Tokyo, Japan, 2014 N = 2758
Mean
= 6.190
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2021): study BR 2020 15+ aged general public, Brazil 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2008 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.720
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2008 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.690
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2021): study NA 2020 15+ aged general public, Namibia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.451
Helliwell et al. (2021): study KE 2020 15+ aged general public, Kenya 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.547
Helliwell et al. (2021): study KG 2020 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.250
Helliwell et al. (2021): study LA 2020 15+ aged general public, Laos 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.284
Helliwell et al. (2021): study LV 2020 15+ aged general public, Latvia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.229
Helliwell et al. (2021): study LT 2020 15+ aged general public, Lithuania 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.391
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MT 2020 15+ aged general public, Malta 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.157
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MU 2020 15+ aged general public, Mauritius 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.015
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MX 2020 15+ aged general public, Mexico 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.964
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MD 2020 15+ aged general public, Moldova 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.812
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MN 2020 15+ aged general public, Mongolia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.011
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ME 2020 15+ aged general public, Montenegro 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.722
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MA 2020 15+ aged general public, Morocco 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.803
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MM 2020 15+ aged general public, Myanmar 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.431
Helliwell et al. (2021): study NL 2020 15+ aged general public, Netherlands 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.504
Helliwell et al. (2021): study JO 2020 15+ aged general public, Jordan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.094
Helliwell et al. (2021): study NZ 2020 15+ aged general public, New Zealand 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.257
Helliwell et al. (2021): study NG 2020 15+ aged general public, Nigeria 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.503
Helliwell et al. (2021): study MK 2020 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.054
Helliwell et al. (2021): study NO 2020 15+ aged general public, Norway 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
Helliwell et al. (2021): study PH 2020 15+ aged general public, Philippines 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
Helliwell et al. (2021): study PL 2020 15+ aged general public, Poland 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.139
Helliwell et al. (2021): study PT 2020 15+ aged general public, Portugal 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.768
Helliwell et al. (2021): study RU 2020 15+ aged general public, Russia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.495
Helliwell et al. (2021): study SA 2020 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.560
Helliwell et al. (2021): study RS 2020 15+ aged general public, Serbia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.042
Helliwell et al. (2021): study SK 2020 15+ aged general public, Slovakia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.519
Helliwell et al. (2021): study SI 2020 15+ aged general public, Slovenia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.462
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ZA 2020 15+ aged general public, South Africa 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.947
Helliwell et al. (2021): study KZ 2020 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.168
Helliwell et al. (2021): study JP 2020 15+ aged general public, Japan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.118
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ES 2020 15+ aged general public, Spain 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.502
Helliwell et al. (2021): study EE 2020 15+ aged general public, Estonia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.453
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CM 2020 15+ aged general public, Cameroon 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.241
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CA 2020 15+ aged general public, Canada 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.025
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CL 2020 15+ aged general public, Chile 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.151
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CN 2020 15+ aged general public, China 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.771
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CO 2020 15+ aged general public, Colombia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.709
Helliwell et al. (2021): study HR 2020 15+ aged general public, Croatia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.508
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CY 2020 15+ aged general public, Cyprus 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.260
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CZ 2020 15+ aged general public, Czech Republic 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.897
Helliwell et al. (2021): study DK 2020 15+ aged general public, Denmark 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.515
Helliwell et al. (2021): study DO 2020 15+ aged general public, Dominican Republic 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.168
Helliwell et al. (2021): study EC 2020 15+ aged general public, Ecuador 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.354
Helliwell et al. (2021): study EG 2020 15+ aged general public, Egypt 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.472
Helliwell et al. (2021): study SV 2020 15+ aged general public, El Salvador 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.462
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ET 2020 15+ aged general public, Ethiopia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.549
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CI 2020 15+ aged general public, Ivory Coast 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.257
Helliwell et al. (2021): study FR 2020 15+ aged general public, France 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.714
Helliwell et al. (2021): study GE 2020 15+ aged general public, Georgia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.123
Helliwell et al. (2021): study DE 2020 15+ aged general public, Germany 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.312
Helliwell et al. (2021): study GH 2020 15+ aged general public, Ghana 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.319
Helliwell et al. (2021): study GR 2020 15+ aged general public, Greece 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.788
Helliwell et al. (2021): study HK 2020 15+ aged general public, Hong Kong 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.295
Helliwell et al. (2021): study HU 2020 15+ aged general public, Hungary 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.038
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IS 2020 15+ aged general public, Iceland 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.575
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IN 2020 15+ aged general public, India 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.225
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IR 2020 15+ aged general public, Iran 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.865
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IQ 2020 15+ aged general public, Iraq 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.785
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IE 2020 15+ aged general public, Ireland 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.035
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IL 2020 15+ aged general public, Israel 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.195
Helliwell et al. (2021): study IT 2020 15+ aged general public, Italy 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.488
Helliwell et al. (2021): study KR 2020 15+ aged general public, South Korea 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.793
Helliwell et al. (2021): study SE 2020 15+ aged general public, Sweden 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.314
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Belize, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2015 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2012 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2013 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2014 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.860
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2015 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2016 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2019 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.670
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2007 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2009 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovnia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2010 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2011 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2012 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 2.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2013 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2014 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2016 15+ aged general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.180
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2010 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BA 2019 15+ aged general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2006 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2008 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2010 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.550
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2011 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.520
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2012 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2013 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.130
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2014 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.030
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2015 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.760
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2016 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BW 2019 15+ aged general public, Botswana, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.470
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2005 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BR 2007 15+ aged general public, Brazil, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2011 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2009 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2021): study CH 2020 15+ aged general public, Switzerland 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.508
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ZM 2020 15+ aged general public, Zambia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.838
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TW 2020 15+ aged general public, Taiwan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.751
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TJ 2020 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.373
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TZ 2020 15+ aged general public, Tanzania 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.786
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TH 2020 15+ aged general public, Thailand 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.885
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TN 2020 15+ aged general public, Tunisia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.731
Helliwell et al. (2021): study TR 2020 15+ aged general public, Turkey 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.862
Helliwell et al. (2021): study UG 2020 15+ aged general public, Uganda 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.641
Helliwell et al. (2021): study UA 2020 15+ aged general public, Ukraine 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
Helliwell et al. (2021): study AE 2020 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.458
Helliwell et al. (2021): study GB 2020 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.798
Helliwell et al. (2021): study US 2020 15+ aged general public, United States 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.028
Helliwell et al. (2021): study UY 2020 15+ aged general public, Uruguay 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.310
Helliwell et al. (2021): study VE 2020 15+ aged general public, Venezuela 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.574
Helliwell et al. (2021): study ZW 2020 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2008 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2006 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2008 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.670
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2011 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.870
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2012 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2013 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2014 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.350
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2015 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.620
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2016 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BJ 2019 15+ aged general public, Benin, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 3.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BT 2013 15+ aged general public, Bhutan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 1.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BT 2014 15+ aged general public, Bhutan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 0.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BT 2015 15+ aged general public, Bhutan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2006 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BO 2007 15+ aged general public, Bolivia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2021): study KH 2020 15+ aged general public, Cambodia 2020 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.377
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Belize, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2009 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2012 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2011 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.780
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2012 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.470
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2013 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2014 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.670
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2015 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2016 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.430
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2019 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2006 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2007 15+ aged general public,Armenia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2008 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2009 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2010 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.370
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2011 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.260
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2013 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2009 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.420
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2014 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2015 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AM 2016 15+ aged general public, Armenia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.330
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2007 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2008 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2010 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.450
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2011 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2012 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2013 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.360
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2014 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2015 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.310
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2016 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2019 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2010 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2008 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2008 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2013 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2010 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2011 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2012 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.780
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2013 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.570
SD
= 1.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2014 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.130
SD
= 1.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2015 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.980
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2016 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AF 2019 15+ aged general public, Afghanistan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.380
SD
= 1.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2007 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2009 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2010 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2011 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2012 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2014 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2007 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.070
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2015 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 2.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2016 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AL 2019 15+ aged general public, Albania, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.350
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study DZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Algeria, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AO 2011 15+ aged general public, Angola, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AO 2012 15+ aged general public, Angola, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AO 2013 15+ aged general public, Angola, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.940
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AO 2014 15+ aged general public,Angola, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.790
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AR 2006 15+ aged general public, Argentina, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.310
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2006 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2010 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2019 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.770
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2013 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2012 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2013 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2014 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2015 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2016 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2019 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.110
SD
= 2.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2006 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.660
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2007 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2008 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2009 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.560
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2010 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.530
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2011 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 5.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2012 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2014 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.810
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2010 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2015 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.720
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2016 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.180
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BY 2019 15+ aged general public, Belarus, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2005 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2007 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.220
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2008 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2010 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2011 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.110
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2012 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.940
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2013 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2014 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.860
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2015 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BE 2016 15+ aged general public, Belgium, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2011 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2009 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2011 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2013 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2012 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2013 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2014 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2015 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2016 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.050
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AT 2019 15+ aged general public, Austria, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2006 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2008 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2009 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2008 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.050
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Azerbaijan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AU 2005 15+ aged general public, Australia, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.340
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2009 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2010 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2011 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2012 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2013 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.690
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2014 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2015 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BH 2016 15+ aged general public, Bahrain, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2006 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study BD 2007 15+ aged general public, Bangladesh, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2013 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2015 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
SD
= 2.520
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Libya, 2016 N = 984
Mean
= 5.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SD 2011 15+ aged general public, Sudan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2008 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2009 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2010 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.980
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2011 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2012 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2013 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2014 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2015 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2017 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.330
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2018 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2019 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SD 2009 15+ aged general public, Sudan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SD 2010 15+ aged general public, Sudan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SD 2012 15+ aged general public, Sudan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2006 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SD 2014 15+ aged general public, Sudan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.140
SD
= 2.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SR 2012 15+ aged general public, Surinam, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Swaziland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Swaziland, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Swaziland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
SD
= 2.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2005 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2007 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.240
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2008 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.520
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2009 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.270
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2010 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2011 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2012 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.560
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2013 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LK 2007 15+ aged general public, Sri Lanka, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2019 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2015 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SS 2015 15+ aged general public, South Sudan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.070
SD
= 3.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2008 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2009 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2010 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2011 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2012 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2013 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2014 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2015 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2016 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 2.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2017 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 2.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2018 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 2.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2019 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 3.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SS 2014 15+ aged general public, South Sudan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 3.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SS 2016 15+ aged general public, South Sudan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.890
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2018 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.510
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SS 2017 15+ aged general public, South Sudan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.820
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2005 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.150
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2007 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.990
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2008 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2009 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2010 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.190
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2011 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2012 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.290
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2013 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2014 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2015 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.380
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2016 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ES 2017 15+ aged general public, Spain, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2014 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.240
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2016 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.370
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2006 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2008 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2009 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2010 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2011 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.260
SD
= 1.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2012 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 1.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2013 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2014 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2015 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2016 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2017 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2018 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2019 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2006 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.920
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2009 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.410
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2007 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.230
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.070
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2013 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.850
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 2.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.900
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.350
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.450
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Tanzania, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.640
SD
= 2.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2006 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2007 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2008 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.640
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2008 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TJ 2006 15+ aged general public, Tajikistan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2017 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2010 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2018 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.370
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SE 2019 15+ aged general public, Sweden, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2006 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2009 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.520
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2012 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.780
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2014 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.490
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2015 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.570
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2016 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.460
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2017 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2018 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study CH 2019 15+ aged general public, Switzerland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.690
SD
= 1.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2008 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2009 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2011 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 2.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2019 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.540
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2012 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2013 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.690
SD
= 2.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SY 2015 15+ aged general public, Syria, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.460
SD
= 2.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2006 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.190
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2008 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2010 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2011 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.310
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2012 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2013 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.340
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2014 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.360
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2015 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2016 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.510
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2017 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.360
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TW 2018 15+ aged general public, Taiwan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.470
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZA 2007 15+ aged general public, South Africa, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SO 2016 15+ aged general public, Somalia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2010 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.220
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2015 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.350
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2016 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2017 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.110
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2018 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2019 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.270
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2005 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2007 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.270
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2008 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.810
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2009 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2010 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.310
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2011 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2012 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2013 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2014 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.280
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2016 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.470
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2014 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2017 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.290
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2018 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.360
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SA 2019 15+ aged general public, Saudi Arabia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.560
SD
= 2.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2006 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.420
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2007 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2008 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2009 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2010 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.370
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2011 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2012 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.670
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2013 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.650
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2014 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.390
SD
= 1.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2015 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2015 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2013 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.470
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2017 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2007 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2007 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2009 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2010 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2011 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2012 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2013 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2014 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.730
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2015 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2016 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2017 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2018 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2019 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2006 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2008 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2012 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2009 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2010 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2011 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2012 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2013 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.540
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2014 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.040
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2015 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2016 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.850
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2017 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RU 2018 15+ aged general public, Russia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2006 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2008 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2009 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.030
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RW 2011 15+ aged general public, Rwanda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2016 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2018 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SO 2015 15+ aged general public, Somalia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2018 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2016 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 1.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2017 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.380
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2018 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2019 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.380
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2006 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.260
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2010 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.050
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2011 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2012 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2013 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2014 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2015 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.160
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2016 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.990
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2017 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SK 2019 15+ aged general public, Slovakia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2014 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.060
SD
= 1.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2006 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.810
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2009 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2010 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.080
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2011 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.040
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2012 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2013 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2014 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.680
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2015 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2016 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2017 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2018 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.250
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SI 2019 15+ aged general public, Slovenia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.670
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SO 2014 15+ aged general public, Somalia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.530
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2015 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.620
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2013 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SN 2019 15+ aged general public, Senegal, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2007 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.590
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2007 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2009 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2010 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2011 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2012 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2013 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2014 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.110
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2015 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2016 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2017 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2018 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RS 2019 15+ aged general public, Serbia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2006 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.630
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2008 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.000
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2011 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.560
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2010 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.130
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2011 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2013 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.510
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2014 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 2.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2015 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 3.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2016 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 3.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2017 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.090
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2018 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 3.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SL 2019 15+ aged general public, Sierra Leone, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.450
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2006 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 1.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2007 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 1.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2008 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2009 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 1.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study SG 2010 15+ aged general public, Singapore, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2009 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2011 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.660
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study QA 2015 15+ aged general public, Qatar, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2017 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.180
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2018 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 2.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2019 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 3.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2006 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.290
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2007 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 1.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2008 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2009 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2010 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2011 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2012 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.530
SD
= 1.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2013 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 1.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2014 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2015 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2016 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2018 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2016 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VN 2019 15+ aged general public, Viet Nam, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2007 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.480
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2009 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2010 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2011 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.750
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2012 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.060
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2013 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2014 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2015 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.980
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2016 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2017 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.250
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2018 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.060
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study YE 2019 15+ aged general public, Yemen, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2017 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2015 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 2.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2007 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2012 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2013 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2014 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.560
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2015 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.630
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2016 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2017 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.340
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2018 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2019 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2006 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2008 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2009 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.260
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2013 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2014 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.140
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.050
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.420
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.210
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Uzbekistan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2005 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.170
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2006 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2008 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.260
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2009 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.190
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2010 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.480
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2011 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2012 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.070
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study VE 2013 15+ aged general public, Venezuela, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2006 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2008 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2010 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2012 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2009 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2008 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.520
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2007 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Somaliland 2012 15+ aged general public, Somaliland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Somaliland 2011 15+ aged general public, Somaliland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Somaliland 2010 15+ aged general public, Somaliland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Somaliland 2009 15+ aged general public, Somaliland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2019 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2018 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2016 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2015 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2014 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2013 15+ aged general public, Cyprus-Turkish, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 2.460
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2019 18+ aged, general public, United States, fall 2019 N = 9645
Mean
= 6.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2011 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 2.070
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2019 /1 18+ aged, general public, United States, winter 2019 N = 9000
Mean
= 5.820
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2020 18+ aged, general public, United States, spring 2020 N = 3000
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2020 /1 18+ aged, general public, United States, Summer 2020 N = 2321
Mean
= 5.800
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2020 /2 18+ aged, general public, United States, winter 2020 N = 0
Mean
= 6.210
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2021 18+ aged, general public, United States, spring 2021 N = 4000
Mean
= 6.690
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2021 /1 18+ aged, general public, United States, May 2021 N = 3731
Mean
= 6.690
Witters & Agrawal (2021): study US 2021 /2 18+ aged, general public, United States, Summer 2021 N = 4820
Mean
= 6.900
Blauw (2014a): study NL 2012 Female university students, members of a sorority, The Netherlands, followed 1 year 2012-2013 N = 170
Mean
= 7.680
SD
= 0.930
Joshanloo (2018a): study ZZ World samples 2006 15+ aged, 94 nations, 2006-2007 N = 97739
Biswas-Diener et al. (2012): study IN 2006 15+ aged general public, India, 2006-2008 N = 10296
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.770
Lovo (2014): study ZZ Europe 2008 15+ general public, 25 European countries, 2008-2011 N = 80000
Mean
= 6.870
Farhat et al. (2011): study US 2005 Tenth-graders, USA, 2006 N = 1465
Mean
= 7.320
Oishi & Diener (2014): study ZZ 2007 15+ aged general public,132 nations, 2007 N = 141738
Mean
= 5.520
SD
= 1.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2010 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.180
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2012 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.640
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2009 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.260
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2010 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2011 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2012 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2013 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.240
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2014 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2015 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 3.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2016 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 3.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2017 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.930
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2018 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 2.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZM 2019 15+ aged general public, Zambia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.310
SD
= 2.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2006 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2007 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.280
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2008 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2009 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.060
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2011 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2013 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2012 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2013 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.690
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2014 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2015 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2016 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.740
SD
= 2.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2017 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.640
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2018 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.620
SD
= 2.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ZW 2019 15+ aged general public, Zimbabwe, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.690
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2019 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.430
SD
= 2.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2018 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.390
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2017 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2016 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.760
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2015 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study XY Kosovo 2014 15+ aged general public, Kosovo, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2011 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2009 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2012 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2009 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2007 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2008 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2009 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2010 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2011 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2012 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2013 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2014 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 2.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2015 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2016 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2017 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2018 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2019 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2011 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2019 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2012 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2013 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2014 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2015 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2016 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2017 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 1.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2018 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 1.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TM 2019 15+ aged general public, Turkmenistan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2006 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.730
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2007 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2008 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2009 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2010 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.190
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TR 2005 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2018 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2012 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2017 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2013 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2014 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.990
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2015 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2016 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.070
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2017 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2018 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TH 2019 15+ aged general public, Thailand, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2006 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.200
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2008 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.810
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2011 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.940
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2014 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.840
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2015 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.770
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2016 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.880
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2018 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2017 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.120
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TG 2019 15+ aged general public, Togo, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 3.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TT 2006 15+ aged general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 2.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TT 2008 15+ aged general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TT 2011 15+ aged general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TT 2013 15+ aged general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TT 2017 15+ aged general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.190
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2009 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2010 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2011 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2012 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2013 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2014 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2015 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study TN 2016 15+ aged general public, Tunisia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.520
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2011 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2013 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.710
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2008 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.660
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2007 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2008 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.990
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2009 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.910
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2010 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2011 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.870
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2012 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.880
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2013 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.920
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2014 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.760
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2015 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2016 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.820
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2017 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2018 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2019 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2006 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2008 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.280
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2005 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2009 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2010 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2011 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2012 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2013 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2014 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.150
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2015 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.860
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2016 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2017 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.990
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2018 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.880
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study US 2019 15+ aged general public, United States of America, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.940
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2006 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UY 2007 15+ aged general public, Uruguay, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.690
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study GB 2007 15+ aged general public, United Kingdom, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2019 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.710
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2014 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.770
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2014 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2015 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.240
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2016 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.230
SD
= 3.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2017 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2018 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.320
SD
= 3.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UG 2019 15+ aged general public, Uganda, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.950
SD
= 3.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2006 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2007 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2008 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2009 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2010 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2011 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2012 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2013 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2015 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.960
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2018 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2016 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.030
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2017 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2018 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study UA 2019 15+ aged general public, Ukraine, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2006 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.730
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2009 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.870
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2010 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2011 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2012 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.220
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2013 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.620
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2014 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.540
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2015 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2016 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study AE 2017 15+ aged general public, United Arab Emirates, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.040
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study RO 2005 15+ aged general public, Romania, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.050
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study QA 2012 15+ aged general public, Qatar, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2016 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2015 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2016 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.480
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2017 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.420
SD
= 2.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2018 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 3.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2019 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.870
SD
= 3.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2006 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2007 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2008 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.810
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2009 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2010 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2011 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2012 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2013 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2014 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2018 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2014 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 2.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MY 2019 15+ aged general public, Malaysia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MV 2018 15+ aged general public, Maldives, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2006 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2008 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.110
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2009 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.980
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2010 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.760
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2011 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2012 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2013 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2014 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2015 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2016 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2017 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2015 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.870
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2013 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.040
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2019 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 3.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2006 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.980
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2018 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.310
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2019 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2009 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2010 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2011 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2012 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2013 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.130
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2014 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.890
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2015 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2016 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.970
SD
= 1.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2017 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.060
SD
= 1.420
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2018 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.240
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LU 2019 15+ aged general public, Luxembourg, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
SD
= 1.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2008 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2012 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 2.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2011 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2012 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.550
SD
= 1.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2013 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2014 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.680
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2015 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.590
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2016 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2017 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.080
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2018 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.070
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MG 2019 15+ aged general public, Madagascar, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2006 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2007 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2009 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 2.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MW 2011 15+ aged general public, Malawi, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.950
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ML 2018 15+ aged general public, Mali, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.420
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2009 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2016 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2010 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2011 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.910
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2012 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2013 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.440
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2014 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.680
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2015 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2016 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.820
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2017 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.410
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2018 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2019 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.430
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2006 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2007 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2008 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2009 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2011 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2009 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2012 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2013 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.760
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2014 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.920
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2015 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2016 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2017 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2018 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.680
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MD 2019 15+ aged general public, Moldova, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
SD
= 2.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2007 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.610
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2008 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2010 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2011 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2012 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2010 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2008 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.830
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2010 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2011 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2011 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2012 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2013 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.380
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2014 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2015 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2016 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.590
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2017 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.680
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2018 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.910
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MT 2019 15+ aged general public, Malta, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.730
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2007 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2008 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.250
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2009 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2010 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2012 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2007 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2013 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2014 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.480
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2015 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.920
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2016 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.470
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2017 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2018 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MR 2019 15+ aged general public, Mauritania, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2011 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2014 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2016 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2017 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.170
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2018 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MU 2019 15+ aged general public, Mauritius, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MX 2005 15+ aged general public, Mexico, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2017 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2015 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2014 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2015 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2014 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2015 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2016 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2017 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2018 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2019 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2006 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.080
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2009 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.590
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2010 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2011 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.380
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2012 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.220
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2013 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.480
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2014 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.180
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2016 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2012 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2017 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KW 2019 15+ aged general public, Kuwait, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.110
SD
= 2.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2006 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2007 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 1.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2008 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2009 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2010 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2011 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.920
SD
= 1.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2012 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2013 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2014 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2015 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2016 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2013 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2011 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2018 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2006 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study JO 2019 15+ aged general public, Jordan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 2.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2006 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.720
SD
= 1.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2008 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2009 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2010 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2012 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.760
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2013 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2014 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2016 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.530
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Kazakhstan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2007 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2010 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.120
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2008 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 1.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2009 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2010 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.260
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2011 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2012 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2013 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2014 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2015 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2016 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KE 2019 15+ aged general public, Kenya, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 3.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2006 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2007 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2008 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KR 2009 15+ aged general public, Korea (South), 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2017 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study KG 2019 15+ aged general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.690
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2014 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 1.870
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2019 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 4.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2019 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LS 2011 15+ aged general public, Lesotho, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LS 2016 15+ aged general public, Lesotho, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.810
SD
= 3.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LS 2017 15+ aged general public, Lesotho, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 2.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LS 2019 15+ aged general public, Lesotho, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.510
SD
= 3.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2007 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2008 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2010 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2014 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 2.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2015 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.700
SD
= 2.760
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2016 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.350
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2017 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.420
SD
= 3.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LR 2018 15+ aged general public, Liberia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.130
SD
= 3.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2012 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2017 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2015 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2016 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2017 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2018 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LY 2019 15+ aged general public, Libya, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.560
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2006 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2007 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.810
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2008 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2009 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2010 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 1.980
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2011 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2012 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LT 2013 15+ aged general public, Lithuania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2018 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2016 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2006 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 0.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2013 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2007 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2008 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 1.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2011 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 1.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2012 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2017 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2018 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LA 2019 15+ aged general public, Laos, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2006 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2007 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2008 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2009 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2011 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2012 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2014 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.730
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2015 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2015 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2016 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2017 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.980
SD
= 1.810
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2018 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LV 2019 15+ aged general public, Latvia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.970
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2005 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2006 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2008 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 2.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2009 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2010 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2011 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2012 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2013 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study LB 2014 15+ aged general public, Lebanon, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2013 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2015 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 1.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study QA 2011 15+ aged general public, Qatar, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.590
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2008 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.930
SD
= 2.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2009 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.470
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2010 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2011 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2012 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2013 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 2.160
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2014 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2015 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2016 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2017 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2018 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2019 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.480
SD
= 2.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2006 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.130
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2007 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.890
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2009 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2007 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2010 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2011 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2012 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.860
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2013 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.870
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2014 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.630
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2015 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2016 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.120
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2017 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2018 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.280
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PA 2019 15+ aged general public, Panama, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.090
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2006 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.970
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2007 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2008 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2008 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.390
SD
= 2.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PS 2006 15+ aged general public, Palestine, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2010 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.840
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2017 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.580
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2013 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2014 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2015 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2016 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2017 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2018 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.240
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2019 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.220
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2006 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2008 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.630
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2012 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.680
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2014 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.440
SD
= 1.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2015 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2016 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
SD
= 1.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2018 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.440
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2018 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NO 2019 15+ aged general public, Norway, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.440
SD
= 1.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study OM 2011 15+ aged general public, Oman, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2005 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2007 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.670
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2008 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2009 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2010 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2011 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2012 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.180
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2013 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2014 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2015 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2016 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PK 2017 15+ aged general public, Pakistan, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2009 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2011 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.680
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2011 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2019 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.240
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2019 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2005 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 2.150
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2007 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2009 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2010 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2011 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2012 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2013 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 1.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2014 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2015 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2016 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.160
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2017 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PL 2018 15+ aged general public, Poland, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.110
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2006 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.410
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2017 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2008 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.720
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2010 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.090
SD
= 2.070
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2011 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2012 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 2.490
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2013 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 2.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2014 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.360
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2015 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2016 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2017 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2018 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.920
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PT 2019 15+ aged general public, Portugal, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study QA 2009 15+ aged general public, Qatar, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.420
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study QA 2010 15+ aged general public, Qatar, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2018 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 2.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2016 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2012 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2013 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2013 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.900
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2014 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2015 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.560
SD
= 2.090
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2016 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
SD
= 1.960
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2017 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 2.430
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PY 2019 15+ aged general public, Paraguay, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2006 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.300
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2007 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.260
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2008 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.400
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2009 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.520
SD
= 2.190
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2010 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 2.120
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2011 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 2.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2012 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2014 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 2.050
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2015 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 2.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2015 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.580
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2016 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
SD
= 2.370
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2017 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 2.590
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2018 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.680
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PE 2019 15+ aged general public, Peru, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2006 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 2.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2007 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2008 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2009 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 2.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2010 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2011 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 2.380
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2012 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2013 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 2.540
Helliwell et al. (2020): study PH 2014 15+ aged general public, Philippines, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 2.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2012 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2010 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 2.170
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2016 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2007 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 1.750
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2013 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2014 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.790
SD
= 1.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2015 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2016 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 1.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2017 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2018 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2019 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 2.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NA 2007 15+ aged general public, Namibia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.510
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NA 2014 15+ aged general public, Namibia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 2.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NA 2017 15+ aged general public, Namibia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 2.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NA 2018 15+ aged general public, Namibia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NA 2019 15+ aged general public, Namibia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2006 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2008 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 1.530
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2019 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 3.840
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2009 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.920
SD
= 1.670
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2010 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 1.820
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2011 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.810
SD
= 1.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2012 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.230
SD
= 1.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2013 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 1.830
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2014 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2015 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.580
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2016 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2017 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 2.470
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2018 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 3.040
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NP 2019 15+ aged general public, Nepal, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 3.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2005 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2005 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.460
SD
= 1.240
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2007 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.450
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MM 2012 15+ aged general public, Myanmar, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.440
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2018 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 3.330
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2010 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2018 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 2.270
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2017 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.100
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2018 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 2.010
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MN 2019 15+ aged general public, Mongolia, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.560
SD
= 1.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2007 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2009 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2010 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.770
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2011 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2012 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2013 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 2.130
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2014 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.280
SD
= 2.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2015 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2016 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2017 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 2.210
Helliwell et al. (2020): study ME 2019 15+ aged general public, Montenegro, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2017 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 2.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2010 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2011 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 1.480
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2012 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2013 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.890
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2015 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 2.030
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2016 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.140
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2017 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 2.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2018 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
SD
= 2.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MA 2019 15+ aged general public, Morocco, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 2.630
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2006 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2007 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2008 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2011 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 2.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MZ 2015 15+ aged general public, Mozambique, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 3.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2008 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.630
SD
= 1.020
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2011 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.560
SD
= 1.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2009 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.990
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2018 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 3.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2019 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.110
SD
= 3.110
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2006 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.740
SD
= 1.610
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2007 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 1.550
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2008 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.240
SD
= 1.390
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2009 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
SD
= 1.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2010 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
SD
= 1.250
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2011 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.440
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2012 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.310
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2013 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.720
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2014 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.180
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2015 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.670
SD
= 1.940
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2016 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.230
SD
= 2.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2017 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 2.780
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NE 2019 15+ aged general public, Niger, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 3.080
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2017 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.480
SD
= 2.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2006 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 1.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2007 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.620
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2008 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 1.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2009 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.980
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2010 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 1.920
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2012 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 1.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2013 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2015 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 2.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2016 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2017 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 2.950
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2018 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.250
SD
= 2.640
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NG 2019 15+ aged general public, Nigeria, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 2.730
Helliwell et al. (2020): study MK 2007 15+ aged general public, North Macedonia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 2.200
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2018 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 2.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2016 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.800
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2012 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.350
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2013 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.280
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2013 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.340
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2014 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 1.410
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2015 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 1.450
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2016 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.540
SD
= 1.280
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2017 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.460
SD
= 1.320
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2018 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.460
SD
= 1.230
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NL 2019 15+ aged general public, Netherlands, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.290
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2006 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.310
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2007 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
SD
= 1.600
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2008 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.660
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2010 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.220
SD
= 1.690
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2011 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.190
SD
= 1.710
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2012 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2014 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.310
SD
= 1.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2015 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.920
SD
= 2.910
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2015 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.500
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2016 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.230
SD
= 1.740
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2017 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2017 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.330
SD
= 1.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2018 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2018 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.370
SD
= 1.570
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NZ 2019 15+ aged general public, New Zealand, 2019 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.210
SD
= 1.790
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2006 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.720
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2007 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 2.850
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2008 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.650
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2009 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.350
SD
= 2.680
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2010 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.690
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2011 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.700
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2012 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 2.460
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2013 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 2.520
Helliwell et al. (2020): study NI 2014 15+ aged general public, Nicaragua, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.280
SD
= 2.720
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2016 N = 967
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2016 N = 963
Mean
= 3.400
Oliver et al. (1996): study ZZ Western nations 1993 Chronic mental patients, UK, USA, 1993-1994 N = 1430
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 2.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 4.600
Helliwell et al. (2015): study XY Kosovo 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2009 N = 987
Mean
= 5.890
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2015): study XY Kosovo 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2010 N = 1011
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 2.000
Helliwell et al. (2015): study XY Kosovo 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2011 N = 1042
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 2.060
Helliwell et al. (2015): study NL Sint Maarten 2006 15+ aged general population, Netherlands, Sint maarten N = 1008
Mean
= 5.260
SD
= 1.930
Helliwell et al. (2015): study NL Sint Maarten 2010 15+ aged general population, Netherlands, Sint Maarten, 2010 N = 997
Mean
= 6.050
SD
= 1.880
Helliwell et al. (2015): study NL Sint Maarten 2011 15+ aged general population, Netherlands, Sint Maarten, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.940
SD
= 1.860
Helliwell et al. (2015): study NL Sint Maarten 2012 15+ aged general population, Netherlands, Sint Maarten N = 1004
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 2.020
Helliwell et al. (2015): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2012 15+ aged general population, North Cyprus, 2012 N = 497
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 2.740
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2011 15+ aged general population, Canada, 2011 N = 1012
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.810
Brulé & Veenhoven (2012): study ZZ Europe 2000 Adults, 6 European nations, 2000-2009 N = 55000
Brulé & Veenhoven (2014a): study ZZ Developed nations 1997 Adolescents, 22 developed countries, 1997-2006 N = 102300
Helliwell et al. (2018): study ZZ World samples 2005 /1 N = 900000
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.110
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2015 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2014 15+ aged general population,Canada, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.280
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2015 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2015 N = 984
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2015 N = 1018
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2015 N = 1036
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2014 N = 501
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2015 N = 986
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bhutan, 2015 N = 1011
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2014 N = 980
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2015 N = 983
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2014 N = 998
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 5.100
Helliwell et al. (2015): study XY Kosovo 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2008 N = 1042
Mean
= 5.520
SD
= 1.890
Campbell & Porquet (2014): study ZZ EU 27 2010 18+ aged, general public, 27 EU nations, 2010 N = 26723
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 6.500
Gallup World View (2012): study ZM 2012 15+ aged general public Zambia, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 5.010
SD
= 2.200
Gallup World View (2012): study TH 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Thailand, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
SD
= 1.760
Gallup World View (2012): study TG 2011 15+ aged general public Togo, 2011 N = 999
Mean
= 2.930
SD
= 1.950
Gallup World View (2012): study TN 2012 15+ aged general public Tunisia, 2012 N = 2029
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.110
Gallup World View (2012): study TR 2012 /1 15+ aged general public, Turkey, 2012 N = 1997
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.970
Gallup World View (2012): study TM 2012 15+ aged general public Turkmenistan, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 5.460
SD
= 1.870
Gallup World View (2012): study UG 2012 15+ aged general public Uganda, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
SD
= 1.750
Gallup World View (2012): study UA 2012 15+ aged general public Ukraine, 2012 N = 970
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.970
Gallup World View (2012): study AE 2012 15+ aged general public United Arab Emirates, 2012 N = 2010
Mean
= 7.210
SD
= 1.690
Gallup World View (2012): study GB 2012 15+ aged general public United Kingdom, 2012 N = 13298
Mean
= 6.880
SD
= 1.870
Gallup World View (2012): study UY 2012 15+ aged general public Uruguay, 2012 N = 994
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.310
Gallup World View (2012): study UZ 2012 15+ aged general public Uzbekistan, 2012 N = 992
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.020
Gallup World View (2012): study VE 2012 15+ aged general public Venezuela, 2012 N = 987
Mean
= 7.060
SD
= 2.320
Gallup World View (2012): study VN 2012 15+ aged general public Vietnam, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Gallup World View (2012): study ZW 2013 15+ aged general public Zimbabwe, 2013 N = 994
Mean
= 4.700
Ruprah (2010): study ZZ Latin America 1997 18+ aged, general public, Latin America, 1997-2007 N = 147446
Mean
= 6.950
SD
= 1.600
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 1999 /2 18+ aged, general public, China, 1999 N = 3500
Mean
= 4.110
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2004 /2 18+ aged, general public, China, 2004 N = 3500
Mean
= 4.500
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2006 /2 18+ aged, general public, China, 2006 N = 3500
Mean
= 3.960
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2007 18+ aged, general public, China, 2007 N = 3500
Mean
= 4.290
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2008 18+ aged, general public, China, 2008 N = 4365
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.800
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2009 18+ aged, general public, China, 2009 N = 4188
Mean
= 4.450
SD
= 1.820
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2010 18+ aged, general public, China, 2010 N = 4114
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.880
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2011 18+ aged, general public, China, 2011 N = 4170
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 1.880
Easterlin et al. (2012): study CN 2010 /1 18+ aged, general public, China, 2010 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.850
Oishi et al. (2012): study ZZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, 54 nations, 2007 N = 59634
Mean
= 6.160
SD
= 0.360
Ott (2010): study ZZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Multiple nations, 2006 N = 127000
Helliwell et al. (2014): study US 2004 18+ aged general public, urban areas, USA, 2008-2011 N = 952433
Ott (2010): study ZZ 2006 /1 18+ aged, general public, Multiple nations, 2006 N = 1300000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2015 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2015 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2015 N = 993
Mean
= 4.400
Gallup World View (2012): study TJ 2012 15+ aged general public Tajikistan, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 1.140
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2015 N = 992
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2015 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2015 N = 988
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2014 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2015 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2015 15+ aged, general public, India, 2015 N = 2990
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2015 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2015 N = 972
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2015 N = 977
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2014 N = 491
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2015 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2015 N = 989
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2014 N = 498
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2015 N = 986
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2013 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2013 N = 995
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2014 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2014 N = 999
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2015 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2015 N = 992
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2015 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2015 N = 984
Mean
= 6.100
Raanaas et al. (2010): study KG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2015 N = 989
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2014 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2014 N = 988
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2015 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2015 N = 982
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2015 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2015 N = 981
Mean
= 2.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Libya, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2015 N = 974
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2015 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2015 N = 503
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2015 N = 917
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2015 N = 1009
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2015 N = 985
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2015 N = 971
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2015 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2015 N = 1025
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2014 N = 1019
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2015 15+ aged, general public, China, 2015 N = 4214
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2015 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CI 2015 15+ aged, general public, Côte d’Ivoire, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2015 N = 994
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2015 N = 1023
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2015 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2015 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2015 N = 980
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2014 N = 986
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2015 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2015 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2015 N = 961
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2014 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2014 N = 978
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ET 2015 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2015 N = 988
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2015 N = 993
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2015 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2015 15+ aged, general public, France, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2015 N = 985
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2015 N = 986
Mean
= 4.000
Gallup World View (2012): study TZ 2012 15+ aged general public Tanzania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
SD
= 1.910
Gallup World View (2012): study TW 2012 15+ aged general public Taiwan, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 6.120
SD
= 2.030
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 3.600
Gallup World View (2012): study EC 2012 15+ aged general public Ecuador, 2012 N = 999
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.120
Gallup World View (2012): study BI 2011 15+ aged general public Burundi, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
SD
= 1.740
Gallup World View (2012): study KH 2012 15+ aged general public Cambodia, 2012 N = 996
Mean
= 3.890
SD
= 1.700
Gallup World View (2012): study CM 2013 15+ aged general public Cameroon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
Gallup World View (2012): study TD 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2011 N = 996
Mean
= 4.390
SD
= 1.740
Gallup World View (2012): study CL 2012 15+ aged general public Chile, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.590
SD
= 2.120
Gallup World View (2012): study CO 2012 15+ aged general public Colombia, 2012 N = 994
Mean
= 6.370
SD
= 2.520
Gallup World View (2012): study CG 2012 15+ aged general publc Congo (Brazzaville), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.910
SD
= 2.110
Gallup World View (2012): study CD 2012 15+ aged general public Congo (Knishas), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.630
Gallup World View (2012): study CI 2009 15+ aged general public Côte d'Ivoire, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.190
SD
= 1.480
Gallup World View (2012): study HR 2012 15+ aged general public Croatia, 2012 N = 940
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.060
Gallup World View (2012): study DK 2012 15+ aged general public Denmark, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.700
Gallup World View (2012): study DJ 2011 15+ aged general public Djibouti, 2011 N = 986
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 2.370
Gallup World View (2012): study DO 2012 15+ aged general public Dominican Republic, 2012 N = 989
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.740
Gallup World View (2012): study EG 2012 15+ aged general public Egypt, 2012 N = 4178
Mean
= 4.200
SD
= 2.040
Gallup World View (2012): study BG 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.870
SD
= 1.990
Gallup World View (2012): study SV 2012 15+ aged general public El Salvador, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 5.930
SD
= 2.340
Gallup World View (2012): study EE 2012 15+ aged general public Estonia, 2012 N = 999
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.960
Gallup World View (2012): study FI 2012 15+ aged general public Finland, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 7.420
SD
= 1.630
Gallup World View (2012): study FR 2012 /1 15+ aged general public France, 2012 N = 1986
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.790
Gallup World View (2012): study GA 2012 15+ aged general public Gabon, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 2.010
Gallup World View (2012): study GE 2012 15+ aged general public Georgia, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 4.250
SD
= 1.950
Gallup World View (2012): study DE 2012 15+ aged general public Germany, 2012 N = 13210
Mean
= 6.700
SD
= 1.830
Gallup World View (2012): study GR 2012 15+ aged general public Greece, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 5.090
SD
= 2.490
Gallup World View (2012): study GT 2012 15+ aged general public Guatemala, 2012 N = 979
Mean
= 5.850
SD
= 2.680
Gallup World View (2012): study GN 2012 15+ aged general public Guinea, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.650
SD
= 1.650
Gallup World View (2012): study HT 2012 15+ aged general public Haiti, 2012 N = 503
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 1.780
Gallup World View (2012): study HN 2012 15+ aged general public Honduras, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 2.540
Gallup World View (2012): study HK 2012 15+ aged general public Hong Kong, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.930
Gallup World View (2012): study BF 2013 15+ aged general public Burkina Faso, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.320
Gallup World View (2012): study BR 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.030
SD
= 2.030
Gallup World View (2012): study IS 2012 15+ aged general public Iceland, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 7.590
SD
= 1.560
NicGabhainn & Sixsmith (2005): study PT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Gallup World View (2012): study CA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.700
Gallup World View (2012): study CF 2011 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Gallup World View (2012): study CO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Gallup World View (2012): study KM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Comoros, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Gallup World View (2012): study DO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Gallup World View (2012): study IR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup World View (2012): study JO 2012 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Gallup World View (2012): study KE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup World View (2012): study KG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Gallup-WIN (2011): study ML 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Gallup World View (2012): study MN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Gallup World View (2012): study NZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Gallup World View (2012): study PY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Gallup World View (2012): study XY Somaliland 2012 15+ aged, general public, Somaliland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Gallup World View (2012): study BW 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.510
SD
= 1.960
Gallup World View (2012): study US 2012 15+ aged, general public, USA N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Myers & Liu (2013): study US 2012 Veterans, United States, 2012 N = 48690
Mean
= 6.900
Gallup World View (2012): study AF 2011 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 1.780
Gallup World View (2012): study AL 2012 15+ aged general public Albania, 2012 N = 1029
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 1.920
Gallup World View (2012): study DZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 1.660
Gallup World View (2012): study AR 2012 15+ aged general public Argentina, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 2.090
Gallup World View (2012): study AM 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2011 N = 984
Mean
= 4.260
SD
= 1.950
Gallup World View (2012): study AU 2012 15+ aged general public Australia, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 7.190
SD
= 1.760
Gallup World View (2012): study AT 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2011 N = 995
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.840
Gallup World View (2012): study AZ 2012 15+ aged general public Azerbaijan, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 4.910
SD
= 1.890
Gallup World View (2012): study BD 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Bangladesh, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 1.920
Gallup World View (2012): study BY 2012 15+ aged general public Belarus, 2012 N = 1012
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 2.030
Gallup World View (2012): study BJ 2012 15+ aged general public Benin, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.190
SD
= 1.640
Gallup World View (2012): study BO 2012 15+ aged general public Bolivia, 2012 N = 942
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 2.160
Gallup World View (2012): study HU 2012 15+ aged general public Hungary, 2012 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 2.090
Gallup World View (2012): study ID 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Indonesia, 2012 N = 2978
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.600
Gallup World View (2012): study CH 2012 15+ aged general public Switzerland, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 7.770
SD
= 1.560
Gallup World View (2012): study RU 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Russia, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.600
Gallup World View (2012): study NZ 2013 15+ aged general public New Zealand, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.280
Gallup World View (2012): study NE 2012 15+ aged general public Niger, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.790
SD
= 1.310
Gallup World View (2012): study NG 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Nigeria, 2012 N = 1995
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 1.730
Gallup World View (2012): study NO 2012 15+ aged general public Norway, 2012 N = 994
Mean
= 7.670
SD
= 1.740
Gallup World View (2012): study PK 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Pakistan, 2012 N = 3006
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.170
Gallup World View (2012): study PS 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Palestina, 2012 N = 1994
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 2.200
Gallup World View (2012): study PA 2012 15+ aged general public Panama 2012 N = 999
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 2.300
Gallup World View (2012): study PY 2012 15+ aged general public Paraguay, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 1.700
Gallup World View (2012): study PE 2012 15+ aged general public Peru , 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 2.090
Gallup World View (2012): study PH 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Philippines ,2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.470
Gallup World View (2012): study PL 2012 15+ aged general public Poland, 2012 N = 986
Mean
= 5.870
SD
= 1.880
Gallup World View (2012): study PT 2012 15+ aged general public Portugal, 2012 N = 977
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 2.490
Gallup World View (2012): study RO 2012 15+ aged general public Romania, 2012 N = 986
Mean
= 5.160
SD
= 2.440
Gallup World View (2012): study RW 2012 15+ aged general public Rwanda , 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.330
SD
= 1.540
Gallup World View (2012): study NP 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Nepal, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.230
SD
= 1.770
Gallup World View (2012): study SA 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Saudi Arabia, 2012 N = 2111
Mean
= 6.460
SD
= 2.220
Gallup World View (2012): study SN 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Senegal, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 1.700
Gallup World View (2012): study RS 2012 15+ aged general public Serbia, 2012 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.150
SD
= 2.450
Gallup World View (2012): study SL 2011 15+ aged general public Sierra Leone, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup World View (2012): study SG 2012 15+ aged general public Singapore, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.530
SD
= 1.510
Gallup World View (2012): study SI 2012 15+ aged general public Slovenia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.060
Gallup World View (2012): study ZA 2012 /1 15+ aged general public South-Africa, 2012 N = 1998
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 2.170
Gallup World View (2012): study ES 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Spain, 2012 N = 1999
Mean
= 6.290
SD
= 2.030
Gallup World View (2012): study LK 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Sri Lanka, 2012 N = 2001
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.810
Gallup World View (2012): study SD 2012 15+ aged general public Sudan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.550
SD
= 1.590
Gallup World View (2012): study SR 2012 15+ aged general public Surinam, 2012 N = 490
Mean
= 6.260
SD
= 1.940
Gallup World View (2012): study SE 2012 15+ aged general public Sweden, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 7.560
SD
= 1.580
Gallup World View (2012): study SY 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Syria, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 3.160
SD
= 2.500
Gallup World View (2012): study NL 2012 15+ aged general public Netherlands, 2012 N = 999
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.350
Gallup World View (2012): study MM 2012 15+ aged general public Myanmar, 2012 N = 1016
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.730
Gallup World View (2012): study IQ 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Iraq, 2012 N = 1988
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.970
Gallup World View (2012): study LB 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Lebanon, 2012 N = 2010
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 2.320
Gallup World View (2012): study IE 2012 15+ aged general public Ireland, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.870
Gallup World View (2012): study IL 2012 15+ aged general public Isreal, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 7.110
SD
= 1.740
Gallup World View (2012): study IT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.050
SD
= 1.630
Gallup World View (2012): study JM 2011 15+ aged general public Jamaica, 2011 N = 491
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 2.330
Gallup World View (2012): study JP 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Japan, 2012 N = 1991
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 1.900
Gallup World View (2012): study JO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2011 N = 1996
Mean
= 5.530
SD
= 2.100
Gallup World View (2012): study KZ 2012 15+ aged general public Kazakhstan, 2012 N = 969
Mean
= 5.750
SD
= 1.960
Gallup World View (2012): study KR 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Korea (south), 2012 N = 1969
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.070
Gallup World View (2012): study XY Kosovo 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2012 N = 1012
Mean
= 5.630
SD
= 2.440
Gallup World View (2012): study KW 2012 15+ aged general public Kuwait, 2012 N = 997
Mean
= 6.220
SD
= 1.610
Gallup World View (2012): study KG 2012 15+ aged general public Kyrgyzstan, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.580
Gallup World View (2012): study LA 2012 15+ aged general public Laos, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.870
SD
= 1.690
Gallup World View (2012): study LV 2012 15+ aged general public Latvia, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 1.890
Gallup World View (2012): study LR 2011 15+ aged general public Liberia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Gallup World View (2012): study MZ 2011 15+ aged general public Mozambique, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 2.110
Gallup World View (2012): study LY 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Libya, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Gallup World View (2012): study LT 2012 15+ aged general public Lithuania, 2012 N = 987
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.840
Gallup World View (2012): study LU 2012 15+ aged general public Luxembourg, 2012 N = 994
Mean
= 6.960
SD
= 1.780
Gallup World View (2012): study MK 2012 15+ aged general public Macedonia, 2012 N = 1020
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 2.170
Gallup World View (2012): study MG 2013 15+ aged general public Madagascar, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.810
Gallup World View (2012): study MW 2012 15+ aged general public Malawi, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.270
SD
= 2.840
Gallup World View (2012): study MY 2012 15+ aged general public Malaysia, 2012 N = 998
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.560
Gallup World View (2012): study ML 2012 15+ aged general public Mali, 2012 N = 999
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 2.040
Gallup World View (2012): study MT 2012 15+ aged general public Malta, 2012 N = 995
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 2.180
Gallup World View (2012): study MR 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Mauritania, 2012 N = 996
Mean
= 4.670
SD
= 1.350
Gallup World View (2012): study MX 2012 /1 15+ aged general public Mexico, 2012 N = 1977
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 2.070
Gallup World View (2012): study MD 2012 15+ aged general public Moldova, 2012 N = 963
Mean
= 5.990
SD
= 1.900
Gallup World View (2012): study MN 2012 15+ aged general public Mongolia, 2012 N = 993
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.570
Gallup World View (2012): study ME 2012 15+ aged general public Montenegro, 2012 N = 996
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2015 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2015 N = 1022
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2015 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2015 N = 994
Mean
= 3.900
Gallup (2009a): study DO 2010 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 2.740
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2013 N = 1032
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2006 N = 1092
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2007 N = 1114
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2009 N = 1077
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2010 N = 1013
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2014 N = 1036
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2006 N = 1003
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2007 N = 1022
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2010 N = 1003
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2011 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2013 N = 1006
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2007 N = 502
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BZ 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2014 N = 504
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Bahrein, 2014 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2006 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2007 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2007 N = 1205
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2010 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2011 N = 1010
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2013 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2013 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2014 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2006 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2011 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bahrein, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Bahrein, 2009 N = 2128
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bahrein, 2010 N = 1031
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bhutan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2010 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2007 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2010 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2011 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2012 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2014 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BI 2014 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BI 2009 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2007 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2006 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Bhutan, 2014 N = 1020
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2009 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2006 N = 2002
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2010 N = 0
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2011 N = 1009
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2012 N = 1005
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2013 N = 1010
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2008 N = 1038
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2009 N = 1032
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2010 /1 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2010 N = 1043
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2011 N = 1042
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2012 N = 2005
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2013 N = 1003
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2014 N = 1007
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2009 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2015 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2015 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2015 N = 988
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2014 N = 968
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2014 N = 981
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2015 N = 986
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2015 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2015 N = 1969
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2015 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2015 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2015 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2015 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2015 N = 919
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2015 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2015 N = 972
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2014 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2014 N = 999
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Somalia, 2014 N = 989
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Somalia, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2015 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SS 2014 15+ aged, general public, South Sudan, 2014 N = 956
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2015 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2015 N = 1052
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2014 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2014 N = 989
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2015 N = 501
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2014 N = 963
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2015 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2015 N = 996
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2015 N = 999
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2014 N = 985
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2014 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2015 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2015 N = 977
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2014 N = 996
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2015 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MU 2014 15+ aged, general public, Mauritius, 2014 N = 997
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2015 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2015 N = 1029
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2015 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2015 N = 989
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2015 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2015 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2014 N = 986
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2014 N = 1020
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MM 2015 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2015 N = 1017
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2015 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2015 N = 947
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2014 N = 998
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2015 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2015 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2015 N = 1007
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2015 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2015 N = 945
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2015 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2013 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2013 N = 501
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2014 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2015 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2015 N = 994
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2015 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2015 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2013 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2013 N = 996
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2014 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2014 N = 995
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2015 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2015 N = 992
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2015 N = 993
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2015 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2015 N = 997
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DZ 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2013 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2013 N = 1035
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2014 N = 999
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2008 N = 1010
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2010 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DZ 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2011 N = 2001
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DZ 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2012 N = 2027
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AO 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2011 N = 1060
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AF 2009 /2 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2009 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AO 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AO 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AO 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2007 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2012 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2012 N = 1029
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2015 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2015 N = 990
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2015 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2015 N = 998
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2015 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2015 N = 967
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2015 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2015 N = 1885
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2015 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2015 N = 2038
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2015 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2015 N = 995
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2015 N = 991
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2014 N = 993
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2015 N = 994
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2014 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2014 N = 943
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2015 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2015 N = 947
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2015 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2015 N = 992
Mean
= 3.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2014 N = 999
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2015 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Sachs (2016): study ZZ 2015 15+ aged, general public, 119 nations, 2015-2016 N = 199000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2014 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2014 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2015 /1 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2015 N = 500
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2014 15+ aged, general public, China, 2014 N = 4185
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2014 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2014 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Gallup (2008a): study IR 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2015 15+ aged, general public, Bahrein, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2007 N = 1200
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2007 N = 1038
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2013 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2012 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.400
Helliwell et al. (2016): study ZZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, 156 nations, 2005-2015 N = 1560000
Mean
= 5.353
SD
= 2.240
Gallup World View (2012): study AT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.340
SD
= 1.770
Gallup (2009a): study ZW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.510
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2007 N = 1010
Mean
= 7.500
Gallup (2008a): study LB 2006 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2006 N = 993
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.260
Gallup (2008a): study TH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2006 N = 1405
Mean
= 5.960
SD
= 1.670
Gallup (2008a): study TG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 3.240
SD
= 1.730
Gallup (2008a): study TT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2006 N = 505
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 2.390
Gallup (2008a): study UG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 3.730
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2008a): study UA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2006 N = 1077
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.960
Gallup (2008a): study AE 2006 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2006 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.730
SD
= 1.850
Gallup (2008a): study GB 2006 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2006 N = 1032
Mean
= 6.970
SD
= 1.630
Gallup (2008a): study UY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 2.210
Gallup (2008a): study UZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2006 N = 979
Mean
= 5.230
SD
= 1.910
Gallup (2008a): study VN 2006 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2006 N = 948
Mean
= 5.290
SD
= 1.350
Gallup (2008a): study YE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.930
Gallup (2008a): study ZM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2008a): study ZW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2006 N = 994
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 2.010
Gallup (2008a): study PH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2006 N = 1190
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 2.330
Gallup (2008a): study TJ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2006 N = 989
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.560
Gallup (2008a): study MG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.970
SD
= 1.430
Gallup (2008a): study IQ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2006 N = 3444
Mean
= 3.750
SD
= 1.800
Gallup (2008a): study TR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2006 N = 980
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 2.340
Gallup (2008a): study US 2006 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.870
Gallup (2008a): study AO 2006 15+ aged, general public, urban areas, Angola, 2006 N = 974
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 1.860
Gallup (2008a): study AR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 2.140
Gallup (2008a): study AM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.950
Gallup (2008a): study AU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.250
SD
= 1.680
Gallup (2008a): study AT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 7.180
SD
= 1.690
Gallup (2008a): study AZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2007 N = 952
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.600
Gallup (2008a): study BD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.050
SD
= 1.750
Gallup (2008a): study BY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2007 N = 1068
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 1.790
Gallup (2008a): study BZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2007 N = 491
Mean
= 6.450
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2008a): study TZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2006 N = 959
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 1.720
Gallup (2008a): study TW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2006 N = 989
Mean
= 6.180
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2008a): study BJ 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.660
SD
= 1.720
Gallup (2008a): study PE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2006 N = 987
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.290
Gallup (2008a): study MA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 4.620
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2008a): study MZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.790
Gallup (2008a): study MM 2006 15+ aged, general public, urban areas, Myanmar, 2006 N = 1047
Mean
= 5.320
SD
= 1.460
Gallup (2008a): study NP 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2006 N = 986
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.520
Gallup (2008a): study NZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2006 N = 1024
Mean
= 7.300
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2008a): study NI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2006 N = 966
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.710
Gallup (2008a): study NE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2008a): study NG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2006 N = 984
Mean
= 4.700
SD
= 1.800
Gallup (2008a): study NO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2006 N = 997
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2008a): study PK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2006 N = 886
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 2.430
Gallup (2008a): study PS 2006 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2006 N = 992
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 2.320
Gallup (2008a): study PA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 6.120
SD
= 2.320
Gallup (2008a): study PY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2006 N = 991
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.960
Gallup (2008a): study PL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2006 N = 991
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 2.140
Gallup (2008a): study SE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2006 N = 985
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.620
Gallup (2008a): study PT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2006 N = 963
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2008a): study PR 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2006 N = 499
Mean
= 6.590
SD
= 2.610
Gallup (2008a): study RO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2006 N = 1005
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 2.280
Gallup (2008a): study RU 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2006 N = 1959
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2008a): study RW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2006 N = 1502
Mean
= 4.210
SD
= 1.550
Gallup (2008a): study SA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2006 N = 994
Mean
= 7.060
SD
= 1.830
Gallup (2008a): study RS 2006 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2006 N = 1541
Mean
= 4.750
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2008a): study SL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 3.620
SD
= 1.810
Gallup (2008a): study SG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2006 N = 1092
Mean
= 6.540
SD
= 1.290
Gallup (2008a): study ZA 2006 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2006 N = 977
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.130
Gallup (2008a): study KR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2006 N = 1089
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.220
Gallup (2008a): study ES 2006 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2006 N = 960
Mean
= 7.150
SD
= 1.720
Gallup (2008a): study LK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2006 N = 1029
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 1.730
Gallup (2008a): study BE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2008 N = 988
Mean
= 7.110
SD
= 1.520
Gallup (2008a): study BO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 5.290
SD
= 1.870
Gallup (2008a): study MD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2006 N = 987
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2008a): study KG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.640
Gallup (2008a): study HU 2007 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2007 N = 1005
Mean
= 4.950
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study IN 2008 15+ aged, general public, India, 2008 N = 1943
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.620
Gallup (2008a): study ID 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2008 N = 1045
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 1.570
Gallup (2008a): study IR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.330
SD
= 2.240
Gallup (2008a): study IQ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2008 N = 982
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 1.730
Gallup (2008a): study IE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 7.560
SD
= 1.510
Gallup (2008a): study IL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2008a): study IT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 6.770
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2008a): study JP 2008 /2 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2008 N = 2991
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2008a): study JO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2007 N = 1016
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 2.090
Gallup (2008a): study KZ 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2007 N = 992
Mean
= 5.710
SD
= 1.750
Gallup (2008a): study KE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2008 N = 2192
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 1.400
Gallup (2008a): study KW 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2006 N = 970
Mean
= 6.070
SD
= 1.600
Gallup (2008a): study LA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.040
SD
= 1.100
Gallup (2008a): study GY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Gallup (2008a): study LV 2008 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2008 N = 510
Mean
= 5.140
SD
= 1.790
Gallup (2008a): study LB 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 2.490
Gallup (2008a): study LR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 4.220
SD
= 1.520
Gallup (2008a): study LT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 5.550
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2008a): study MK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup (2008a): study MG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.390
Gallup (2008a): study MW 2007 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.810
Gallup (2008a): study ML 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.110
SD
= 1.500
Gallup (2008a): study MR 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2007 N = 965
Mean
= 4.140
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2008a): study MX 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.820
SD
= 2.090
Gallup (2008a): study MD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2007 N = 980
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2008a): study MN 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2007 N = 943
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 1.690
Gallup (2008a): study ME 2007 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Gallup (2008a): study HN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 2.690
Gallup (2008a): study GN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2007 N = 974
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 1.480
Gallup (2008a): study BA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.890
Gallup (2008a): study CY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 2.030
Gallup (2008a): study BW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 2.400
Gallup (2008a): study BF 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.840
SD
= 1.410
Gallup (2008a): study BI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 1.540
Gallup (2008a): study KH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2008 N = 1016
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 1.420
Gallup (2008a): study CM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 4.290
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2008a): study CA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.480
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2008a): study CF 2007 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2007 N = 995
Mean
= 4.370
SD
= 1.800
Gallup (2008a): study TD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 4.140
SD
= 1.560
Gallup (2008a): study CL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2008 N = 1106
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 2.390
Gallup (2008a): study CN 2007 15+ aged, general public, China, 2007 N = 4227
Mean
= 4.860
SD
= 1.780
Gallup (2008a): study CO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 6.160
SD
= 2.390
Gallup (2008a): study CD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Gallup (2008a): study CR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2008a): study CZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1058
Mean
= 6.500
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2008a): study GT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2008 N = 991
Mean
= 6.410
SD
= 2.150
Gallup (2008a): study DK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 1007
Mean
= 7.830
SD
= 1.500
Gallup (2008a): study DJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 1.490
Gallup (2008a): study DO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2007 N = 987
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.840
Gallup (2008a): study EC 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.290
SD
= 2.110
Gallup (2008a): study EG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2008 N = 1096
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 2.370
Gallup (2008a): study SV 2008 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2008 N = 995
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.110
Gallup (2008a): study EE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 597
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.650
Gallup (2008a): study ET 2007 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Gallup (2008a): study FI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 7.670
SD
= 1.420
Gallup (2008a): study FR 2008 15+ aged, general public, France, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.590
Gallup (2008a): study GE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2008 N = 1077
Mean
= 4.150
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2008a): study DE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2008 N = 4012
Mean
= 6.540
SD
= 1.780
Gallup (2008a): study GH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 1.620
Gallup (2008a): study GR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2007 N = 995
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.960
Gallup (2008a): study ME 2006 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2006 N = 809
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.460
Gallup (2008a): study MX 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2006 N = 988
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 2.230
Gallup (2008a): study MZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2007 N = 985
Mean
= 4.830
SD
= 1.620
Pew Research Center (2002): study TR 2002 18+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2002 N = 1005
Mean
= 4.635
SD
= 2.363
Pew Research Center (2002): study LB 2002 18+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.994
SD
= 2.007
Pew Research Center (2002): study ML 2002 18+ aged, general public, Mali, 2002 N = 697
Mean
= 4.554
SD
= 1.500
Pew Research Center (2002): study MX 2002 18+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2002 N = 996
Mean
= 6.807
SD
= 2.045
Pew Research Center (2002): study NG 2002 18+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.842
SD
= 1.714
Pew Research Center (2002): study PK 2002 18+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2002 N = 2032
Mean
= 5.241
SD
= 2.329
Pew Research Center (2002): study PE 2002 18+ aged, general public, Peru, 2002 N = 711
Mean
= 5.734
SD
= 2.396
Pew Research Center (2002): study PL 2002 18+ aged, general public, Poland, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 5.399
SD
= 1.927
Pew Research Center (2002): study RU 2002 18+ aged, general public, Russia, 2002 N = 1002
Mean
= 4.688
SD
= 2.044
RUSSET panel study (2005): study SN 2002 18+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2002 N = 710
Mean
= 5.344
SD
= 1.846
Pew Research Center (2002): study SK 2002 18+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 5.411
SD
= 1.916
Pew Research Center (2002): study ZA 2002 18+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2002 N = 700
Mean
= 5.236
SD
= 2.566
Pew Research Center (2002): study KR 2002 18+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2002 N = 719
Mean
= 6.444
SD
= 1.813
Pew Research Center (2002): study TZ 2002 18+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2002 N = 720
Mean
= 3.833
SD
= 1.961
Pew Research Center (2002): study UG 2002 18+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2002 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.977
SD
= 2.190
Pew Research Center (2002): study JO 2002 18+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 2.361
Pew Research Center (2002): study UA 2002 18+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 4.619
SD
= 2.121
Pew Research Center (2002): study US 2002 18+ aged, general public, United States, 2002 N = 1501
Mean
= 6.914
SD
= 1.941
Pew Research Center (2002): study UZ 2002 18+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2002 N = 700
Mean
= 5.906
SD
= 2.097
Pew Research Center (2002): study VE 2002 18+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2002 N = 700
Mean
= 6.362
SD
= 2.344
Pew Research Center (2002): study VN 2002 18+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2002 N = 772
Mean
= 6.478
SD
= 1.874
Pew Research Center (2007): study CN 2005 18+ aged, Urban areas, general public, China, 2005 N = 2166
Mean
= 5.528
SD
= 1.902
Pew Research Center (2007): study IN 2005 18+ aged, Urban areas, general public, India, 2005 N = 2038
Mean
= 5.869
SD
= 1.861
Pew Research Center (2007): study RU 2005 18+ aged, general public, Russia, 2005 N = 991
Mean
= 4.478
SD
= 2.144
DDB lifestyle survey (2000): study US 2005 18+ aged, general public, United States, 2005 N = 2203
Mean
= 6.741
SD
= 2.100
Pew Research Center (2007): study PK 2005 18+ aged, Urban areas, general public, Pakistan, 2005 N = 1218
Mean
= 5.169
SD
= 2.103
Pew Research Center (2007): study TR 2005 18+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2005 N = 994
Mean
= 4.857
SD
= 2.229
Gallup (2008a): study AF 2006 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2006 N = 1187
Mean
= 4.050
SD
= 1.500
Gallup (2008a): study AL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2006 N = 965
Mean
= 4.630
SD
= 1.760
Pew Research Center (2002): study KE 2002 18+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2002 N = 658
Mean
= 4.862
SD
= 1.900
Pew Research Center (2002): study JP 2002 18+ aged, general public, Japan, 2002 N = 702
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.831
Gallup (2008a): study AO 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Angola, 2006 N = 974
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 1.780
Pew Research Center (2002): study BO 2002 18+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2002 N = 782
Mean
= 5.474
SD
= 2.110
Kilpatrick & Cantril (1960): study US 1955 Adults, general public, USA, 195? N = 100
Mean
= 6.560
Kilpatrick & Cantril (1960): study ZZ East-West pairs 1958 /1 Students, USA and India, 1958 N = 1160
Deaton (2008): study ZZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, 132 countries, 2006 N = 132000
Pelham & Nyiri (2009): study ZZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, 114 nations, 2006-2008 N = 114000
Deaton & Arora (2009): study US 2008 18+ aged, general public, USA, 2008 N = 454065
Taylor (2008): study US 2008 /1 18+ aged, general public, USA,2008 N = 2413
Mean
= 6.500
Diener et al. (2010a): study ZZ 2005 15+ aged, general public, 132 nations, 2005-2006 N = 136839
Ott (2011): study ZZ 2006 18+ aged, general public, 130 nations, 2006 N = 130000
Ng et al. (2009): study ZZ World samples 2005 15+ aged, general public, 121 nations, 2005-2006 N = 125077
Berg (2010): study ZZ 2000 Adults, general public, 119 countries, 2000-2006 N = 119
Pew Research Center (2002): study AO 2002 18+ aged, general public, Angola, 2002 N = 780
Mean
= 4.036
SD
= 1.977
Pew Research Center (2002): study AR 2002 18+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2002 N = 814
Mean
= 5.991
SD
= 2.404
Pew Research Center (2002): study BD 2002 18+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2002 N = 689
Mean
= 4.486
SD
= 1.845
Pew Research Center (2002): study BR 2002 18+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.114
SD
= 2.366
Pew Research Center (2002): study CI 2002 18+ aged, general public, Cote d Ivoire, 2002 N = 708
Mean
= 5.425
SD
= 1.935
Pew Research Center (2002): study GB 2002 18+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2002 N = 501
Mean
= 6.358
SD
= 1.969
Pew Research Center (2002): study BG 2002 18+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2002 N = 514
Mean
= 3.752
SD
= 1.984
Pew Research Center (2002): study CA 2002 18+ aged, general public, Canada, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 7.003
SD
= 1.721
Pew Research Center (2002): study CN 2002 18+ aged, general public, China, 2002 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.265
SD
= 1.980
Pew Research Center (2002): study CZ 2002 18+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 5.958
SD
= 1.696
Pew Research Center (2002): study EG 2002 18+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2002 N = 1013
Mean
= 6.332
SD
= 1.755
Pew Research Center (2002): study FR 2002 18+ aged, general public, France, 2002 N = 507
Mean
= 6.495
SD
= 1.560
Pew Research Center (2002): study DE 2002 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 2002 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.264
SD
= 1.867
Pew Research Center (2002): study GH 2002 18+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2002 N = 702
Mean
= 4.482
SD
= 1.669
Pew Research Center (2002): study GT 2002 18+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2002 N = 500
Mean
= 7.333
SD
= 1.908
Pew Research Center (2002): study HN 2002 18+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2002 N = 506
Mean
= 6.828
SD
= 2.124
Pew Research Center (2002): study IN 2002 18+ aged, general public, India, 2002 N = 2189
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.984
Pew Research Center (2002): study ID 2002 18+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2002 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.712
SD
= 1.563
Pew Research Center (2002): study IT 2002 18+ aged, general public, Italy, 2002 N = 508
Mean
= 6.503
SD
= 1.780
Gallup (2008a): study DZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2006 N = 1064
Mean
= 5.910
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2008a): study AR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 6.310
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2008a): study MR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2006 N = 997
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.930
Gallup (2008a): study IL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 1.850
Gallup (2008a): study GE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 3.670
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2008a): study DE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.610
SD
= 1.790
Gallup (2008a): study GH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 4.530
SD
= 1.800
Gallup (2008a): study GR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 6.000
SD
= 2.450
Gallup (2008a): study GT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2006 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.900
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study HT 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2006 N = 499
Mean
= 3.750
SD
= 1.840
Gallup (2008a): study HN 2006 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2006 N = 965
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.730
Gallup (2008a): study HK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2006 N = 794
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 1.900
Gallup (2008a): study HU 2006 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2006 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.190
SD
= 2.060
Gallup (2008a): study IN 2006 15+ aged, general public, India, 2006 N = 2063
Mean
= 5.340
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2008a): study ID 2006 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2006 N = 1156
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 1.700
Gallup (2008a): study IR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2006 N = 1287
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2008a): study IE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2006 N = 977
Mean
= 7.140
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2008a): study IT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2006 N = 989
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2008a): study FI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.670
SD
= 1.350
Gallup (2008a): study JM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2006 N = 536
Mean
= 6.210
SD
= 1.910
Gallup (2008a): study JP 2006 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 6.510
SD
= 1.780
Gallup (2008a): study JO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2006 N = 986
Mean
= 6.300
SD
= 2.010
Gallup (2008a): study KZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.840
Gallup (2008a): study XY Kosovo 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2006 N = 1018
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2008a): study KG 2006 /2 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 1.750
Gallup (2008a): study LA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 5.070
SD
= 0.860
Gallup (2008a): study LV 2006 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2006 N = 988
Mean
= 4.710
SD
= 1.660
Gallup (2008a): study LT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 5.950
SD
= 1.830
Gallup (2008a): study MK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2006 N = 1034
Mean
= 4.490
SD
= 2.200
Gallup (2008a): study MW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 3.820
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study MY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2006 N = 1003
Mean
= 6.010
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2008a): study ML 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2006 N = 997
Mean
= 4.010
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2008a): study FR 2006 15+ aged, general public, France, 2006 N = 985
Mean
= 7.010
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2008a): study ET 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2006 N = 969
Mean
= 3.830
SD
= 1.750
Gallup (2008a): study AM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2006 N = 997
Mean
= 4.280
SD
= 1.980
Gallup (2008a): study KH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 1.680
Gallup (2008a): study AU 2006 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 7.340
SD
= 1.520
Gallup (2008a): study AT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 7.120
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2008a): study AZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 4.720
SD
= 1.560
Gallup (2008a): study BD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2006 N = 1048
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2008a): study BY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2006 N = 1056
Mean
= 5.650
SD
= 1.770
Gallup (2008a): study BE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2006 N = 989
Mean
= 7.260
SD
= 1.490
Gallup (2008a): study BJ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 3.320
SD
= 1.520
Gallup (2008a): study BO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2006 N = 991
Mean
= 5.360
SD
= 1.810
Gallup (2008a): study BA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2006 N = 1958
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.290
Gallup (2008a): study BW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study BF 2006 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2006 N = 964
Mean
= 3.800
SD
= 1.560
Gallup (2008a): study BG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2006 N = 964
Mean
= 3.840
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2008a): study BI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Burundi, 2006 N = 984
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.400
Gallup (2008a): study CM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 3.850
SD
= 1.850
Gallup (2008a): study EE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2006 N = 985
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 1.690
Gallup (2008a): study CA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2006 N = 1352
Mean
= 7.410
SD
= 1.630
Gallup (2008a): study TD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2006 N = 961
Mean
= 3.430
SD
= 1.700
Gallup (2008a): study CL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2006 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.060
SD
= 2.210
Gallup (2008a): study CN 2006 15+ aged, general public, China, 2006 N = 3720
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2008a): study CO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 6.020
SD
= 2.390
Gallup (2008a): study CR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2006 N = 980
Mean
= 7.080
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study HR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2006 N = 990
Mean
= 5.820
SD
= 2.120
Gallup (2008a): study CU 2006 15+ aged, general public, urban areas, Cuba, 2006 N = 994
Mean
= 5.410
SD
= 2.130
Gallup (2008a): study CZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2006 N = 985
Mean
= 6.430
SD
= 2.050
Gallup (2008a): study DK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2006 N = 998
Mean
= 8.010
SD
= 1.340
Gallup (2008a): study DO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2006 N = 975
Mean
= 5.060
SD
= 3.070
Gallup (2008a): study EC 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2006 N = 1065
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.370
Gallup (2008a): study EG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2006 N = 985
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 2.600
Gallup (2008a): study SV 2006 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2006 N = 977
Mean
= 5.700
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2008a): study MA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2007 N = 1031
Mean
= 5.420
SD
= 1.860
Gallup (2008a): study MM 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Gallup (2009a): study ZM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2011 N = 994
Mean
= 5.260
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2009a): study GN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Gallup (2009a): study DK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2011 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.780
SD
= 1.500
Gallup (2009a): study EC 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 2.300
Gallup (2009a): study EG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2011 N = 5255
Mean
= 4.170
SD
= 2.060
Gallup (2009a): study SV 2010 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2011 N = 993
Mean
= 6.730
SD
= 2.150
Gallup (2009a): study EE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2011 N = 600
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2009a): study ET 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Gallup (2009a): study PH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2011 N = 994
Mean
= 4.940
SD
= 2.100
Gallup (2009a): study FI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2011 N = 994
Mean
= 7.350
SD
= 1.610
Gallup (2009a): study FR 2010 15+ aged, general public, France, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 6.790
SD
= 1.750
Gallup (2009a): study GA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Gallup (2009a): study GH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2011 N = 999
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2009a): study GR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2011 N = 995
Mean
= 5.370
SD
= 2.210
Gallup World View (2012): study GT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2011 N = 986
Mean
= 5.740
SD
= 2.540
Gallup (2009a): study GY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Gallup (2009a): study HR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2009a): study HT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 1.730
Gallup (2009a): study HN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2011 N = 991
Mean
= 4.960
SD
= 2.660
Gallup (2009a): study IS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2011 N = 501
Mean
= 6.880
SD
= 1.940
Gallup World View (2012): study IN 2012 15+ aged, general public, India, 2011 N = 12404
Mean
= 4.590
SD
= 1.950
Gallup (2009a): study ID 2010 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2011 N = 1071
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.590
Gallup (2009a): study IE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2011 N = 994
Mean
= 7.000
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2009a): study IL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.430
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2009a): study IT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2011 N = 990
Mean
= 6.350
SD
= 1.950
Gallup (2009a): study JP 2010 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 6.050
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2009a): study JO 2010 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2011 N = 1981
Mean
= 5.560
SD
= 2.230
Gallup (2009a): study KZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2011 N = 976
Mean
= 5.730
SD
= 1.800
Gallup (2009a): study KE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.250
SD
= 1.580
Gallup (2009a): study KG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2011 N = 996
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 1.540
Gallup (2009a): study CZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2011 N = 996
Mean
= 6.330
SD
= 1.930
Gallup (2009a): study CR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2011 N = 992
Mean
= 7.220
SD
= 2.200
Gallup (2009a): study LV 2009 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2011 N = 512
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 1.850
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ South Sahara Africa 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sub-Sahara Africa, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.365
SD
= 1.808
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PY 2008 18+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2008 N = 1165
Mean
= 5.510
SD
= 2.200
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PE 2008 18+ aged, general public, Peru, 2008 N = 1500
Mean
= 5.613
SD
= 2.099
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study DO 2008 18+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2008 N = 982
Mean
= 4.840
SD
= 3.100
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study UY 2008 18+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2008 N = 1500
Mean
= 6.333
SD
= 2.139
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, WORLD, 2011 N = 420000
Mean
= 5.332
SD
= 2.119
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ North America 2011 15+ aged, general public, North America, 2011 N = 6000
Mean
= 7.293
SD
= 1.893
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ Europe 2011 15+ aged, general public, Europe, 2011 N = 105000
Mean
= 6.442
SD
= 2.027
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ Latin America 2011 15+ aged, general public, Latin America & Caribbean, 2011 N = 69000
Mean
= 6.354
SD
= 2.344
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ South East Asia 2011 15+ aged, general public, South-East Asia, 2011 N = 27000
Mean
= 5.270
SD
= 1.736
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ Various nation sets 2011 15+ aged, general public, Middle East & North Africa, 2011 N = 15000
Mean
= 5.216
SD
= 2.157
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ East Asia 2011 15+ aged, general public, East Asia, 2011 N = 15000
Mean
= 4.858
SD
= 1.929
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ Commonwealth of Independant States 2011 15+ aged, general public, Commonwealth of Independent States (GIS), [Russia and allies], 2011 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.217
SD
= 1.977
Gallup (2009a): study ZZ South Asia 2011 15+ aged, general public, South Asia, 2011 N = 15000
Mean
= 4.942
SD
= 1.947
Gallup (2009a): study AF 2010 15+ aged, general public, Afghanistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2009a): study CG 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 3.810
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2009a): study AL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Albania, 2011 N = 1005
Mean
= 5.860
SD
= 1.840
Gallup (2009a): study DZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Algeria, 2011 N = 1996
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 1.650
Gallup (2009a): study AR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 6.770
SD
= 1.980
Gallup (2009a): study BD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.850
SD
= 1.930
Gallup World View (2012): study BY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2009a): study BE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2011 N = 990
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 1.600
Gallup World View (2012): study BZ 2007 /2 15+ aged, general public, Belize, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Gallup World View (2012): study BO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2011 N = 979
Mean
= 5.770
SD
= 1.730
Gallup World View (2012): study BA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia Herzegovina, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.990
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2009a): study BW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 3.550
SD
= 1.940
Gallup World View (2012): study KH 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.160
SD
= 1.330
Gallup (2009a): study CF 2010 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 3.560
SD
= 1.500
Gallup (2009a): study CL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2011 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.630
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2009a): study CD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup (2009a): study LA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Gallup (2009a): study LB 2010 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2011 N = 2023
Mean
= 5.030
SD
= 2.290
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study NI 2008 18+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2008 N = 1540
Mean
= 6.296
SD
= 2.721
Gallup (2009a): study TW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2011 N = 983
Mean
= 6.220
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2009a): study SN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.370
SD
= 1.530
Gallup (2009a): study RS 2011 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2011 N = 990
Mean
= 4.810
SD
= 2.210
Gallup (2009a): study SL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 2.150
Gallup (2009a): study SK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2011 N = 991
Mean
= 6.030
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2009a): study SI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.030
Gallup (2009a): study XY Somaliland 2010 15+ aged, general public, Somaliland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Gallup (2009a): study ZA 2010 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.650
SD
= 1.890
Gallup (2009a): study KR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2011 N = 969
Mean
= 6.110
SD
= 1.960
Gallup (2009a): study ES 2010 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 6.180
SD
= 1.990
Gallup (2009a): study SD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2011 N = 1807
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.710
Gallup (2009a): study SE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2011 N = 992
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.580
Gallup (2009a): study CH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 7.520
SD
= 1.570
Gallup (2009a): study SY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2011 N = 2012
Mean
= 4.460
SD
= 2.150
Gallup (2009a): study TJ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2011 N = 982
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.280
Gallup (2009a): study RW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.020
SD
= 1.540
Gallup (2009a): study TZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2011 N = 999
Mean
= 4.070
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2009a): study TH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 6.210
SD
= 1.710
Gallup (2009a): study TG 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2011 N = 974
Mean
= 2.800
SD
= 1.730
Gallup (2009a): study TN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2011 N = 2083
Mean
= 5.130
SD
= 1.510
Gallup (2009a): study TR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.490
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2009a): study TM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2011 N = 983
Mean
= 6.560
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2009a): study UG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.820
SD
= 2.000
Gallup (2009a): study UA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2011 N = 987
Mean
= 5.080
SD
= 2.050
Gallup (2009a): study US 2010 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2009a): study UY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2011 N = 974
Mean
= 6.550
SD
= 2.170
Gallup (2009a): study UZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2011 N = 990
Mean
= 5.730
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2009a): study VE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 2.290
Gallup (2009a): study YE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.350
SD
= 2.240
Gallup (2009a): study SA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2011 N = 2030
Mean
= 6.300
SD
= 2.220
Gallup (2009a): study RU 2010 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Gallup (2009a): study LR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.190
SD
= 1.660
Gallup (2009a): study MM 2010 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Gallup (2009a): study LT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2011 N = 980
Mean
= 5.430
SD
= 1.830
Gallup (2009a): study LU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2011 N = 993
Mean
= 7.100
SD
= 1.560
Gallup (2009a): study LY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Libya, 2011 N = 1979
Mean
= 4.920
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2009a): study MK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2011 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 2.300
Gallup (2009a): study MG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 1.340
Gallup (2009a): study ML 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.760
SD
= 1.530
Gallup (2009a): study MR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.770
SD
= 1.570
Gallup (2009a): study MU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mauritius, 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 5.470
SD
= 1.950
Gallup (2009a): study MX 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 2.140
Gallup (2009a): study MD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2011 N = 977
Mean
= 5.790
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2009a): study MN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2011 N = 995
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2009a): study ME 2010 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2011 N = 986
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2009a): study MA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2011 N = 2005
Mean
= 4.660
SD
= 1.620
Gallup (2009a): study NA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Gallup (2009a): study RO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 2.260
Gallup (2009a): study NP 2010 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.340
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2009a): study NL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2011 N = 998
Mean
= 7.500
SD
= 1.330
Gallup (2009a): study NZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2011 N = 747
Mean
= 7.220
SD
= 1.680
Gallup (2009a): study NI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Gallup (2009a): study NE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
SD
= 1.240
Gallup (2009a): study NG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.760
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2009a): study OM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Oman, 2011 N = 1998
Mean
= 6.850
SD
= 2.100
Gallup (2009a): study PA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2011 N = 997
Mean
= 7.240
SD
= 2.120
Gallup (2009a): study PY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2011 N = 987
Mean
= 5.570
SD
= 2.180
Gallup (2009a): study PE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Gallup (2009a): study PL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2011 N = 1020
Mean
= 5.640
SD
= 1.960
Gallup (2009a): study PT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Gallup (2009a): study PR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Gallup (2009a): study QA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2011 N = 990
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.020
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PA 2008 18+ aged, general public, Panama, 2008 N = 1536
Mean
= 7.411
SD
= 2.061
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study MX 2008 18+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2008 N = 1560
Mean
= 7.118
SD
= 1.998
Gallup (2008a): study NA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.880
SD
= 1.500
Pew Research Center (2007): study BO 2007 18+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2007 N = 970
Mean
= 5.620
SD
= 1.940
Gallup (2008a): study UA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2008 N = 1040
Mean
= 5.170
SD
= 1.970
Gallup (2008a): study GB 2008 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 6.980
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2008a): study US 2008 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.280
SD
= 1.770
Gallup (2008a): study UY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.660
SD
= 2.240
Gallup (2008a): study UZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2008 N = 960
Mean
= 5.310
SD
= 1.820
Gallup (2008a): study VE 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2006 N = 992
Mean
= 7.160
SD
= 2.530
Gallup (2008a): study VN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 5.480
SD
= 1.350
Gallup (2008a): study YE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Gallup (2008a): study ZM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 4.730
SD
= 1.860
Gallup (2008a): study ZW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.170
SD
= 1.680
Gallup (2008a): study NO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2008 N = 993
Mean
= 7.630
SD
= 1.530
Pew Research Center (2007): study AR 2007 18+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2007 N = 800
Mean
= 6.070
SD
= 2.030
Pew Research Center (2007): study BD 2007 18+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 1.790
Pew Research Center (2007): study BR 2007 18+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2007 N = 1024
Mean
= 6.320
SD
= 2.240
Gallup (2008a): study TR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 5.110
SD
= 2.360
Pew Research Center (2007): study CA 2007 18+ aged, general public, Canada, 2007 N = 1008
Mean
= 7.480
SD
= 1.810
Pew Research Center (2007): study CL 2007 18+ aged, general public, Chile , 2007 N = 1023
Mean
= 5.690
SD
= 2.160
Pew Research Center (2007): study CN 2007 18+ aged, general public, China, 2007 N = 3142
Mean
= 5.819
SD
= 1.745
Pew Research Center (2007): study CZ 2007 18+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 900
Mean
= 6.048
SD
= 1.782
Pew Research Center (2007): study EG 2007 18+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2007 N = 1022
Mean
= 5.540
SD
= 2.600
Pew Research Center (2007): study ET 2007 18+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2007 N = 710
Mean
= 5.852
SD
= 1.713
Pew Research Center (2007): study FR 2007 18+ aged, general public, France, 2007 N = 1195
Mean
= 6.580
SD
= 1.800
Pew Research Center (2007): study DE 2007 18+ aged, general public, Germany, 2007 N = 1211
Mean
= 6.410
SD
= 1.860
Pew Research Center (2007): study GH 2007 18+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2007 N = 990
Mean
= 5.220
SD
= 1.940
Pew Research Center (2007): study GB 2007 18+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2007 N = 1198
Mean
= 6.800
SD
= 1.850
Pew Research Center (2007): study IN 2007 18+ aged, general public, India, 2007 N = 3169
Mean
= 5.020
SD
= 1.620
Pew Research Center (2007): study ID 2007 18+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2007 N = 998
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 1.490
Pew Research Center (2007): study IL 2007 18+ aged, general public, Israel, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 6.840
SD
= 2.040
Gallup (2008a): study UG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.560
SD
= 1.530
Gallup (2008a): study TH 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.780
SD
= 1.670
Pew Research Center (2007): study CI 2007 18+ aged, general public, Cote d Ivoire, 2007 N = 708
Mean
= 5.748
SD
= 1.809
Gallup (2008a): study RO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.390
SD
= 2.100
Gallup (2008a): study NP 2007 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.740
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2008a): study NL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 7.630
SD
= 1.020
Gallup (2008a): study NZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2008 N = 744
Mean
= 7.380
SD
= 1.650
Gallup (2008a): study NI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2008 N = 997
Mean
= 5.100
SD
= 2.650
Gallup (2008a): study NE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.230
SD
= 1.380
Gallup (2008a): study NG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2008 N = 992
Mean
= 4.930
SD
= 1.690
Gallup (2008a): study PK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2008 N = 2461
Mean
= 4.410
SD
= 2.660
Gallup (2008a): study PS 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 4.380
SD
= 2.520
Gallup (2008a): study PA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.930
SD
= 2.070
Gallup (2008a): study PY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Gallup (2008a): study PE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2008 N = 991
Mean
= 5.120
SD
= 2.390
Gallup (2008a): study PH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2008 N = 989
Mean
= 4.580
SD
= 2.280
Gallup (2008a): study PL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2007 N = 982
Mean
= 5.880
SD
= 1.920
Gallup (2008a): study RW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.360
SD
= 1.540
Gallup (2008a): study TZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2007 N = 994
Mean
= 4.310
SD
= 1.880
Gallup (2008a): study SA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2008 N = 1145
Mean
= 6.810
SD
= 1.340
Gallup (2008a): study SN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2008 N = 998
Mean
= 4.680
SD
= 1.290
Gallup (2008a): study RS 2007 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.750
Gallup (2008a): study SL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2008 N = 999
Mean
= 2.990
SD
= 1.680
Gallup (2008a): study SG 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.640
SD
= 1.530
Gallup (2008a): study SI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Gallup (2008a): study ZA 2007 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2007 N = 961
Mean
= 5.200
SD
= 1.740
Gallup (2008a): study KR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2008 N = 994
Mean
= 5.380
SD
= 2.080
Gallup (2008a): study ES 2008 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.290
SD
= 1.790
Gallup (2008a): study LK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.760
Gallup (2008a): study SD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Gallup (2008a): study SE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2008 N = 996
Mean
= 7.510
SD
= 1.550
Gallup (2008a): study CH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 7.470
SD
= 1.620
Gallup (2008a): study TJ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2007 N = 996
Mean
= 4.430
SD
= 1.590
Pew Research Center (2007): study IT 2007 18+ aged, general public, Italy, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 6.570
SD
= 1.850
Pew Research Center (2007): study JP 2007 18+ aged, general public, Japan, 2007 N = 1149
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 1.980
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study HN 2008 18+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2008 N = 1522
Mean
= 7.085
SD
= 2.296
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study SR 2010 18+ aged, general public, Surinam, 2010 N = 1500
Mean
= 6.138
SD
= 1.843
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study EC 2010 18+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2010 N = 998
Mean
= 5.830
SD
= 1.940
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study SV 2010 18+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2010 N = 1550
Mean
= 5.328
SD
= 2.311
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study GT 2010 18+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2010 N = 1504
Mean
= 6.139
SD
= 2.206
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study GY 2010 18+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2010 N = 1540
Mean
= 5.877
SD
= 2.274
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study HT 2010 18+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2010 N = 503
Mean
= 3.760
SD
= 1.550
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study HN 2010 18+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2010 N = 992
Mean
= 5.860
SD
= 2.680
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study JM 2010 18+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2010 N = 1504
Mean
= 5.248
SD
= 2.533
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study MX 2010 18+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2010 N = 1562
Mean
= 6.166
SD
= 2.279
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study NI 2010 18+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2010 N = 990
Mean
= 5.680
SD
= 2.520
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PA 2010 18+ aged, general public, Panama, 2010 N = 998
Mean
= 7.320
SD
= 1.990
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PY 2010 18+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2010 N = 1502
Mean
= 6.053
SD
= 2.020
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study PE 2010 18+ aged, general public, Peru, 2010 N = 994
Mean
= 5.610
SD
= 2.120
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study DO 2010 18+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2010 N = 1500
Mean
= 5.296
SD
= 2.905
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study TT 2010 18+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2010 N = 1516
Mean
= 6.356
SD
= 2.000
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CO 2010 18+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2010 N = 997
Mean
= 6.400
SD
= 2.560
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study UY 2010 18+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2010 N = 1500
Mean
= 6.248
SD
= 1.950
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study US 2010 18+ aged, general public, United States, 2010 N = 1500
Mean
= 5.904
SD
= 2.177
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study VE 2010 18+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2010 N = 1500
Mean
= 6.562
SD
= 2.016
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study AR 2008 18+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2008 N = 1486
Mean
= 6.196
SD
= 1.799
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study BO 2008 18+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2008 N = 3003
Mean
= 5.882
SD
= 1.982
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study BR 2008 18+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2008 N = 1028
Mean
= 6.690
SD
= 2.260
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CL 2008 18+ aged, general public, Chile , 2008 N = 1527
Mean
= 6.393
SD
= 1.925
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CO 2009 18+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2009 N = 995
Mean
= 6.270
SD
= 2.460
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CR 2008 18+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2008 N = 1500
Mean
= 7.589
SD
= 2.216
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study EC 2008 18+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2008 N = 3000
Mean
= 6.641
SD
= 2.091
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study SV 2008 18+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2008 N = 1549
Mean
= 5.944
SD
= 2.703
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study GT 2008 18+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2008 N = 1538
Mean
= 6.841
SD
= 2.255
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study GY 2008 18+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2008 N = 2505
Mean
= 6.482
SD
= 2.153
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CR 2010 18+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.270
SD
= 1.940
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CL 2010 18+ aged, general public, Chile , 2010 N = 1965
Mean
= 6.150
SD
= 1.945
Pew Research Center (2007): study JO 2007 18+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2007 N = 1013
Mean
= 5.590
SD
= 2.090
Pew Research Center (2007): study SN 2007 18+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2007 N = 700
Mean
= 5.512
SD
= 1.685
Pew Research Center (2007): study KE 2007 18+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 4.570
SD
= 1.580
Pew Research Center (2007): study KW 2007 18+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2007 N = 500
Mean
= 6.184
SD
= 1.991
Pew Research Center (2007): study LB 2007 18+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.640
SD
= 2.430
Pew Research Center (2007): study MY 2007 18+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2007 N = 1227
Mean
= 6.230
SD
= 1.600
Pew Research Center (2007): study ML 2007 18+ aged, general public, Mali, 2007 N = 700
Mean
= 4.970
SD
= 1.537
Pew Research Center (2007): study MX 2007 18+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 6.520
SD
= 2.040
Pew Research Center (2007): study NG 2007 18+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2007 N = 987
Mean
= 4.890
SD
= 1.620
Pew Research Center (2007): study MA 2007 18+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.285
SD
= 1.218
Pew Research Center (2007): study PK 2007 18+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2007 N = 1494
Mean
= 5.670
SD
= 2.540
Pew Research Center (2007): study PS 2007 18+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2007 N = 808
Mean
= 4.780
SD
= 2.470
Pew Research Center (2007): study PE 2007 18+ aged, general public, Peru, 2007 N = 998
Mean
= 5.210
SD
= 2.250
Pew Research Center (2007): study PL 2007 18+ aged, general public, Poland, 2007 N = 504
Mean
= 5.913
SD
= 1.880
Pew Research Center (2007): study RU 2007 18+ aged, general public, Russia, 2007 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.082
SD
= 2.036
Pew Research Center (2007): study SK 2007 18+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2007 N = 900
Mean
= 5.855
SD
= 1.786
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study CA 2010 18+ aged, general public, Canada, 2010 N = 1499
Mean
= 6.257
SD
= 2.002
Pew Research Center (2007): study ZA 2007 18+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.504
SD
= 2.510
Pew Research Center (2007): study KR 2007 18+ aged, general public, Korea,(South), 2007 N = 988
Mean
= 5.760
SD
= 2.000
Pew Research Center (2007): study ES 2007 18+ aged, general public, Spain, 2007 N = 994
Mean
= 6.990
SD
= 1.940
Pew Research Center (2007): study SE 2007 18+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.063
SD
= 1.655
Pew Research Center (2007): study TZ 2007 18+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2007 N = 704
Mean
= 4.165
SD
= 1.920
Pew Research Center (2007): study TR 2007 18+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2007 N = 971
Mean
= 5.288
SD
= 2.198
Pew Research Center (2007): study US 2007 18+ aged, general public, United States, 2007 N = 2026
Mean
= 7.022
SD
= 1.930
Pew Research Center (2007): study UG 2007 18+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2007 N = 1122
Mean
= 4.005
SD
= 1.862
Pew Research Center (2007): study UA 2007 18+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2007 N = 500
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 2.169
Pew Research Center (2007): study VE 2007 18+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2007 N = 803
Mean
= 6.899
SD
= 1.998
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study AR 2010 18+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2010 N = 1410
Mean
= 6.440
SD
= 2.100
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study BZ 2010 18+ aged, general public, Belize, 2010 N = 1504
Mean
= 5.336
SD
= 2.525
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study BO 2010 18+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2010 N = 3018
Mean
= 5.895
SD
= 1.669
Latin American Public Opinion Project (2010): study BR 2010 18+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2010 N = 2482
Mean
= 7.053
SD
= 1.986
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2006 N = 1355
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LS 2016 15+ aged, general public, Lesotho, 2016 N = 987
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2006 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2007 N = 1006
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2008 N = 1150
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2009 N = 1031
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2010 N = 1023
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2011 N = 2022
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2012 N = 2112
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Saudi Arabia, 2014 N = 1017
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2006 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2009 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SN 2014 15+ aged, general public, Senegal, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2006 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2006 N = 1556
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2009 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2010 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2011 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2012 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2012 N = 1023
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2013 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2013 N = 1030
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RS 2014 15+ aged, general public, Serbia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2009 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2014 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2006 N = 500
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PR 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Puerto Rico, 2014 N = 500
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2008 N = 1012
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2009 N = 1016
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2011 N = 2032
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study QA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Qatar, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2006 N = 1022
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2010 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Rwanda, 2006 N = 1504
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2011 N = 1008
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2012 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2013 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RO 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Romania, 2014 N = 998
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2006 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2006 N = 2011
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2007 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2007 N = 2949
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2008 N = 2019
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2009 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2009 N = 2042
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2010 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2010 N = 4000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2012 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2012 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2013 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2013 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study RU 2014 15+ aged, general public, Russia, 2014 N = 2000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2010 N = 1002
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2006 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2007 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2007 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2008 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2008 N = 1009
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2009 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2010 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2011 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2011 N = 1006
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2012 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2012 N = 2003
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2013 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2013 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ES 2014 15+ aged, general public, Spain, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2006 N = 1033
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2009 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2012 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2012 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2012 N = 2031
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2013 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2013 N = 1030
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Sri Lanka, 2014 N = 1062
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2009 N = 944
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2010 N = 912
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2012 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SD 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Sudan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Surinam, 2012 N = 504
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Swaziland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2013 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2011 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2012 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2012 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2013 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Sierra Leone, 2014 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2006 N = 1095
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2008 N = 2551
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2009 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Singapore, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2006 N = 1018
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2010 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2011 N = 1012
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2010 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2013 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2013 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Slovakia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2006 N = 1018
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2010 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2010 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2011 N = 1012
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2009 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2012 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2013 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SI 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Slovenia, 2014 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SO 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Somalia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2006 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2007 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2008 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
SD
= 1.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZA 2009 15+ aged, general public, South Africa, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2010 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2014 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2010 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2011 N = 1003
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2012 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2013 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2014 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Niger, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2009 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Nigeria, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2012 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2012 N = 500
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2013 N = 502
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Cyprus-Turkish 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, North Cyprus, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2012 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2012 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Norway, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2009 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2009 N = 1012
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2007 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2012 N = 1020
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Myanmar, 2013 N = 1020
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Namibia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2007 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2008 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2008 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2009 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2010 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2011 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2012 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2013 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2013 N = 1050
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NP 2014 15+ aged, general public, Nepal, 2014 N = 1050
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Nicaragua, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2012 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2013 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2013 N = 751
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Netherlands, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2006 N = 1028
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2007 N = 750
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2008 N = 750
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2010 N = 750
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2012 N = 1008
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study NZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, New Zealand, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study OM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Oman, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2007 N = 1502
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2008 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Peru, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2007 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2011 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2013 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PH 2014 15+ aged, general public, Philippines, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2009 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2012 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2013 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Poland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Portugal, 2006 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2008 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2008 N = 2484
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2009 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2009 N = 3122
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2010 N = 1030
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2012 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2012 N = 3012
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2013 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Pakistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2006 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2007 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2009 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2009 N = 1014
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2010 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2011 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2012 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PS 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Palestina, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2006 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2008 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2009 N = 1018
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Panama, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study PY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Paraguay, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2011 N = 1006
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2007 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Zimbabwe, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2009 /2 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2009 N = 1009
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2009 N = 1077
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2008 N = 1105
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2009 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2009 N = 1006
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2010 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2013 N = 1000
Stevenson & Wolfers (2008): study ZZ World samples 2006 Adults, general public, 131 nations, 2006 N = 131000
Diener et al. (2012a): study ZZ World samples 2005 15+ aged general public, 135 nation followed at least 3 years, 2005-2011 N = 806526
Mean
= 5.440
SD
= 1.090
Goff et al. (2016): study ZZ 2008 18+ aged, general public, 160 nations, 2008-2014 N = 1430000
Mean
= 5.450
SD
= 1.940
Goff et al. (2016): study US 2008 18+ aged, general public, USA, 2008-2011 N = 1400000
Slag (2017): study KR 2006 18+ aged general public, South Korea, 2006-2015 N = 10000
Mean
= 5.640
Diener & Tay (2015): study ZZ 2005 15+ Aged, general public, 164 nations, 2005-2013 N = 1229431
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Argentina, 2016 N = 996
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AM 2016 15+ aged, general public, Armenia, 2016 N = 991
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AU 2016 15+ aged, general public, Australia, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2008 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Azerbaijan, 2016 N = 980
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2006 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2006 N = 1023
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VE 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Venezuela, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2007 N = 1018
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ZM 2007 15+ aged, general public, Zambia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2008 N = 1016
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2009 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2013 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study VN 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Viet Nam, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
SD
= 1.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study YE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Yemen, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Austria, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bahrain, 2016 N = 996
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2016 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2016 N = 968
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2016 N = 984
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2016 N = 1999
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2016 N = 981
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2016 N = 940
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2016 N = 501
Mean
= 3.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2016 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2016 N = 961
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2016 N = 1003
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2016 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2016 N = 991
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IS 2016 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2016 N = 525
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2016 15+ aged, general public, India, 2016 N = 2998
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2016 N = 987
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2016 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2016 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2016 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2016 N = 996
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2016 N = 979
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2016 N = 996
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2016 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2016 N = 994
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW /1 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2016 N = 989
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2016 N = 995
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2016 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2016 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2016 15+ aged, general public, France, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ET 2016 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2016 N = 985
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BD 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bangladesh, 2016 N = 992
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2016 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2016 N = 986
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Belarus, 2016 N = 1024
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Belgium, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BJ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Benin, 2016 N = 955
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bolivia, 2016 N = 975
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BW 2016 15+ aged, general public, Botswana, 2016 N = 968
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Brazil, 2016 N = 983
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Bulgaria, 2016 N = 993
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study BF 2016 15+ aged, general public, Burkina Faso, 2016 N = 967
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KH 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cambodia, 2016 N = 974
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CM 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cameroon, 2016 N = 979
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2016 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2016 N = 1012
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CF 2016 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2016 N = 991
Mean
= 2.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2016 15+ aged, general public, Chile, 2016 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2016 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2016 N = 991
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2016 15+ aged, general public, China, 2016 N = 4291
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2016 N = 981
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2016 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa), 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2016 N = 984
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2016 N = 984
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CI 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cote d'Ivoire, 2016 N = 972
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2016 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2016 N = 974
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2016 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2016 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2016 N = 997
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2016 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2016 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2016 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2016 N = 987
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2016 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2016 N = 998
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2016 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2016 N = 999
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2016 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2016 N = 942
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2012 N = 1006
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2014 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2014 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2006 N = 1410
Mean
= 5.900
SD
= 1.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2007 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2007 N = 1006
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2008 N = 1038
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2009 N = 1019
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2011 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TH 2013 15+ aged, general public, Thailand, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Togo, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 2.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2006 N = 508
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2008 N = 502
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2011 N = 504
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Trinidad and Tobago, 2013 N = 504
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2009 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2010 N = 1059
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2011 N = 2034
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2012 N = 2053
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2013 N = 1053
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TN 2014 15+ aged, general public, Tunisia, 2014 N = 1056
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 2.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2013 N = 750
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Sweden, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2009 N = 1003
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CH 2014 15+ aged, general public, Switzerland, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2008 N = 1209
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2009 N = 1082
Mean
= 5.000
SD
= 2.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2010 N = 1029
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2011 N = 2041
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2012 N = 2043
Mean
= 3.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2013 N = 1022
Mean
= 2.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SY 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Syria, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2008 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Tanzania, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Taiwan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TJ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Tajikistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2006 N = 995
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2008 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uzbekistan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2009 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2009 N = 1003
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2014 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2006 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2006 N = 1037
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2007 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2007 N = 1204
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2008 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2009 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2010 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2011 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2011 N = 9239
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2012 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2012 N = 13408
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2013 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2013 N = 750
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GB 2014 15+ aged, general public, United Kingdom, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2006 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2007 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2007 N = 1225
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2008 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2008 N = 1004
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2010 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2010 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2012 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2012 N = 2016
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2011 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2011 N = 872
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2012 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2012 N = 1019
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2013 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2013 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study US 2014 15+ aged, general public, United States, 2014 N = 1027
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2006 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2007 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2012 N = 1009
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
SD
= 1.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Uruguay, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2013 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2011 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2011 N = 2036
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2009 N = 999
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2009 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Turkey, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2009 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TM 2014 15+ aged, general public, Turkmenistan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2010 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2010 N = 1037
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Uganda, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2006 N = 1102
Mean
= 4.800
SD
= 2.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2007 N = 1066
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2008 N = 1074
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2009 N = 1081
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study UA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Ukraine, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2006 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2006 N = 1013
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study AE 2009 15+ aged, general public, United Arab Emirates, 2009 N = 1013
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2009 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2009 N = 1011
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2014 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2014 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2008 N = 1080
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Georgia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2007 N = 1221
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2008 N = 2010
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2010 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2011 N = 9105
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2012 N = 13269
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2013 N = 751
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Germany, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2007 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2009 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
SD
= 2.590
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2012 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2013 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GH 2014 15+ aged, general public, Ghana, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Gabon, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ET 2014 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2014 N = 1004
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2012 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2013 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2006 N = 1003
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2008 N = 601
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2009 N = 608
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2011 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2012 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2013 N = 1010
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Estonia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ET 2012 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ET 2013 15+ aged, general public, Ethiopia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2006 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2006 N = 1010
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2014 15+ aged, general public, France, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2008 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2008 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2011 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2012 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2013 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2013 N = 750
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FI 2014 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2006 15+ aged, general public, France, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2007 15+ aged, general public, France, 2007 N = 1220
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Finland, 2008 N = 1006
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2009 15+ aged, general public, France, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2010 15+ aged, general public, France, 2010 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2011 15+ aged, general public, France, 2011 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2012 15+ aged, general public, France, 2012 N = 2005
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study FR 2013 15+ aged, general public, France, 2013 N = 751
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2010 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2008 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2010 N = 756
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2011 N = 1028
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2006 /2 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2006 N = 800
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2008 /2 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2008 N = 751
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2009 /2 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2009 N = 755
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2012 /2 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2012 N = 1006
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2014 N = 1010
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2006 N = 800
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2008 N = 751
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2009 N = 755
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2012 N = 1006
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Hong Kong, 2014 N = 1010
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2006 N = 1025
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2007 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2007 N = 1010
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2010 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2010 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2011 N = 1014
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2012 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2012 N = 1004
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2013 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2013 N = 1019
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HU 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Hungary, 2014 N = 1003
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IS 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2008 N = 502
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IS 2012 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2012 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IS 2013 15+ aged, general public, Iceland, 2013 N = 502
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2006 15+ aged, general public, India, 2006 N = 2100
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2007 15+ aged, general public, India, 2007 N = 3186
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2008 15+ aged, general public, India, 2008 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2009 15+ aged, general public, India, 2009 N = 3010
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2010 15+ aged, general public, India, 2010 N = 6000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Greece, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2006 N = 1021
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2009 N = 1015
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2010 N = 1014
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Guatemala, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GN 2014 15+ aged, general public, Guinea, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study GY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Guyana, 2007 N = 501
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2006 N = 505
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2012 N = 504
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2013 N = 504
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HT 2014 /2 15+ aged, general public, Haiti, 2014 N = 504
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Honduras, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2011 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2008 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2012 15+ aged, general public, India, 2012 N = 12620
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.910
SD
= 2.110
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2010 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CO 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Colombia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Comoros, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KM 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Comoros, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KM 2010 /1 15+ aged, general public, Comoros, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KM 2012 15+ aged, general public, Comoros, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2013 15+ aged, general public, China, 2013 N = 4244
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Brazzaville), 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2012 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2013 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CD 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Congo (Kinshasa),, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2007 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, China, 2014 N = 4185
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2012 15+ aged, general public, China, 2012 N = 9413
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2012 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2010 N = 1007
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2011 N = 867
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2013 N = 1021
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Canada, 2014 N = 1021
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CF 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CF 2010 /1 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CF 2011 /1 15+ aged, general public, Central African Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2007 /1 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2013 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2011 15+ aged, general public, China, 2011 N = 4220
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study TD 2014 15+ aged, general public, Chad, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2006 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2007 N = 1023
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2008 N = 1108
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2009 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2009 N = 1009
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2010 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2011 N = 1009
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2012 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2012 N = 1003
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CL 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Chile , 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2007 15+ aged, general public, China, 2007 N = 3733
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, China, 2006 N = 3730
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, China, 2008 N = 3712
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, China, 2009 N = 3833
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CN 2010 15+ aged, general public, China, 2010 N = 3801
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Costa Rica, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2007 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DJ 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2009 N = 0
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DJ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DJ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2010 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2012 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2013 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DO 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Dominican Republic, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2006 N = 1067
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2007 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2007 N = 1061
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2012 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2013 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EC 2014 15+ aged, general public, Ecuador, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2007 N = 1024
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2010 N = 1042
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2011 N = 5296
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2012 N = 4186
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2013 N = 1149
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study EG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Egypt, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SV 2006 15+ aged, general public, El Salvador, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DJ 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Djibouti, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2008 /1 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 8.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CI 2014 15+ aged, general public, Côte d’Ivoire, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CI 2013 15+ aged, general public, Côte d’Ivoire, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2010 N = 1029
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study HR 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Croatia, 2009 N = 1009
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CU 2006 15+ aged, general public, Cuba, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2010 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2011 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2012 N = 500
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CY 2009 /1 15+ aged, general public, Cyprus, 2009 N = 502
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2007 N = 1072
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2006 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2010 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2012 /1 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2012 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study CZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Czech Republic, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2007 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2007 N = 1009
Mean
= 7.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2006 /1 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2006 N = 1004
Mean
= 8.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2011 N = 1005
Mean
= 7.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2012 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study DK 2013 15+ aged, general public, Denmark, 2013 N = 753
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2011 15+ aged, general public, India, 2011 N = 3518
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2013 15+ aged, general public, India, 2013 N = 3000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mozambique, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2012 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2013 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2014 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2006 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2006 N = 1042
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2009 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2009 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2010 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2011 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2011 N = 1018
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2012 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2012 N = 1025
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2013 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2013 N = 1020
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MK 2014 15+ aged, general public, Macedonia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2010 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2010 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Madagascar, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2007 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Malawi, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2006 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2006 N = 1009
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2007 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2007 N = 1233
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2008 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2009 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2009 N = 1011
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2010 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LU 2008 15+ aged, general public, Luxembourg, 2008 N = 500
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2013 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2008 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2008 N = 513
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2009 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2009 N = 515
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2011 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2011 N = 1006
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2012 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2012 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2013 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2014 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2006 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2006 N = 996
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2007 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2009 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2009 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2010 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2010 N = 1008
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2011 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2011 N = 2007
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2012 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2012 N = 2013
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LB 2014 15+ aged, general public, Lebanon, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LS 2011 15+ aged, general public, Lesotho, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Liberia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LY 2012 15+ aged, general public, Libya, 2012 N = 1002
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2006 N = 1015
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2007 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2007 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2008 N = 506
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Lithuania, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2011 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2013 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2006 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2012 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2006 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2007 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2008 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2009 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2010 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2011 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2012 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2013 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MD 2014 15+ aged, general public, Moldova, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2013 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2013 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MN 2014 15+ aged, general public, Mongolia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2006 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2006 N = 834
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2009 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2009 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2010 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2011 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2012 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2013 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ME 2014 15+ aged, general public, Montenegro, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2010 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2011 N = 2001
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2013 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2013 N = 1007
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MA 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Morocco, 2014 N = 998
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2014 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2014 N = 1017
Mean
= 6.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2012 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MY 2014 15+ aged, general public, Malaysia, 2014 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2014 N = 1012
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2009 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2012 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2013 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ML 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Mali, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2008 N = 508
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2010 N = 1008
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2011 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2012 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Malta, 2013 N = 500
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MR 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Mauritania, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MU 2011 15+ aged, general public, Mauritius, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MU 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Mauritius, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2006 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2006 N = 1007
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2007 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2007 N = 999
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2008 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2009 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study MX 2010 15+ aged, general public, Mexico, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LV 2007 15+ aged, general public, Latvia, 2007 N = 1017
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LA 2012 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IN 2014 15+ aged, general public, India, 2014 N = 3000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2012 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2012 N = 2007
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2008 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2009 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2010 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2011 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2012 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2013 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2014 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2006 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2007 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2007 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2008 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2008 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2009 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2009 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2010 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2011 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2011 N = 1005
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2013 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2013 N = 1004
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2006 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2006 N = 1002
Mean
= 7.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IT 2014 15+ aged, general public, Italy, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JM 2006 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2006 N = 543
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JM 2011 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2011 N = 506
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JM 2013 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2013 N = 504
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JM 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Jamaica, 2014 N = 504
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2006 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2007 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2007 N = 1150
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2008 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2008 N = 2250
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2009 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2010 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2011 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2012 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2013 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2013 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IL 2007 15+ aged, general public, Israel, 2007 N = 1001
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2006 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2012 N = 3507
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2006 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2006 N = 1180
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2007 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2008 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2008 N = 1050
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2009 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2009 N = 1080
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2010 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2010 N = 1080
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2011 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2012 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2012 N = 3000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2013 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study ID 2014 15+ aged, general public, Indonesia, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2006 N = 1300
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2007 N = 1004
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2008 N = 1040
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2011 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Iran, 2014 N = 1005
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2008 N = 990
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2013 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IQ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Iraq, 2014 N = 1003
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2008 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2009 N = 500
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2010 N = 1001
Mean
= 7.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study IE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Ireland, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 7.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JP 2014 15+ aged, general public, Japan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2007 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2007 N = 1016
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LA 2011 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2007 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2008 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2009 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2010 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2011 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2012 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2013 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2014 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study SS 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, South Sudan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 6.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2013 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2013 N = 1008
Mean
= 6.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2014 /1 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2014 N = 1001
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KW 2014 15+ aged, general public, Kuwait, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2007 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2015 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2013 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KG 2014 15+ aged, general public, Kyrgyzstan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LA 2006 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2006 N = 999
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LA 2007 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study LA 2008 15+ aged, general public, Laos, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KR 2006 15+ aged, general public, Korea (South), 2006 N = 1100
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2013 /1 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2008 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2008 N = 1007
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2013 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2009 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2009 N = 1015
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2010 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2011 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2011 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2012 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2012 N = 2000
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2013 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study JO 2014 15+ aged, general public, Jordan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2007 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2008 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.700
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KZ 2014 15+ aged, general public, Kazakhstan, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 6.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2012 N = 1024
Mean
= 5.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2006 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2007 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2007 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.600
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2008 N = 2000
Mean
= 4.000
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2010 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.300
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2011 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.400
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2012 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2012 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2013 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2013 N = 1000
Mean
= 3.800
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study KE 2014 15+ aged, general public, Kenya, 2014 N = 1000
Mean
= 4.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2006 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2006 N = 1046
Mean
= 5.100
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2008 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2008 N = 1047
Mean
= 5.500
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2009 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2009 N = 1000
Mean
= 5.900
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2010 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2010 N = 1017
Mean
= 5.200
Burger & Veenhoven (2016): study XY Kosovo 2011 15+ aged, general public, Kosovo, De facto nation, 2011 N = 1047
Mean
= 4.900
Dijkstra et al. (2020): study ZZ 2017 15+ aged, general public, 117 nations and territories, 2017 - 2019 N = 360000