Assertiveness Equality Human orientationImportance of work Individualism Long-term Performance Power distance Masculinity Uncertainity avoidance
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value assetiveness |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueAssertiveness_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 15.7 |
| Practice assertiveness | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeAssertiveness_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 15.6 |
| Difference Value-Practice in assertiveness | Value score minus Practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapAs_1996 | 60 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value gender equality |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueGenderEquality_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 14.10b |
| Practice gender equality | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeGenderEquality_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 14.10 |
| Difference Value-Practice in gender equality | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapGE_1996 | 60 | |
| See also Power distance | |||||
Value humane orientation |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueHumaneOrientation_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 18.4c |
| Practice humane orientation | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeHumaneOrientation_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 18.4b |
| Difference Value-Practice in humane orientation | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapHO_1996 | 60 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
| Perceived importance of work | Opinion general public: Work more important than leisure | 1995-98 | ValueWorkOverLeisure_96 | 46 | WVS3, item 72 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value individualism |
Opinion of employees (1) about ideal job: relative importance of: a) time for private life, b) freedom at work, c) challenging work, As opposed to: d) training opportunities, e) physical working conditions, f) use of skills |
1965-69 | ValueIndividualism1_1965.69 | 32 | Hofstede 1991 table 3.3 |
| 1965-2002 | ValueIndividualism1_1965.2002 (2) | 68 | Hofstede 2005 table 3.1 | ||
| Opinion employees of business organizations: Response to 5 forced choices, e.g. rely on yourself or colleagues. Desirability rated for oneself and what most other people would think. | 1989 | ValueIndividualism2_1989 | 40 | Smith 1996 | |
Value institutional collectivism |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueInstitutionalCollectivism_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 16.7c |
| Practice instititional collectivism | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeInstutionalCollectivism_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 16.7a |
| Value in-group collectivism | Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueGroupCollectivism_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 16.7d |
| Difference Value-Practice in institutional collectivism | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapGI_1996 | 60 | |
| Practice of in-group collectivism | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeGroupCollectivism_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 16.7b |
| Difference Value-Practice in ingroup collectivism | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapGC_1996 | 60 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value long term orientation (Bond's addition to Hofstede's values) |
Opinion employees (1) and university students | 1979-2002 | ValueLongTermOrientation_1979.2002 (6) | 37 | Hofstede 2005 table 6.1 |
| Opinion university students. Value a) persistence, b) order, c) thrift, d) sense of shame. As opposed to: e) personal stability, f) saving face, g) respect for tradition, h)recoprocation of favors | 1979 | ValueLongTermOrientation_1979 | 17 | Hofstede 1991 table 7.1 | |
Value future orientation |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueFutureOrientation_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 13.6 |
| Practice future orientation | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeFutureOrientation_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 13.5 |
| Difference Value-Practice in future orientation | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapFO_1996 | 60 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value performance |
Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValuePerformance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 12.10 |
| Practice performance | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticePerformance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 12.9 |
| Difference Value-Practice in performance | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapPe_1996 | 60 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Power distance |
Opnion of non-managerial employees (1) about: a) how often employees are actually afraid to express disagreement with their manager, b) actual decision style of their boss 'autocratic' or 'paternalistic', c) preference for such style |
1965-69 | PowerDistance_1965.69 | 32 | Hofstede 1991 table 2.1 |
| 1965-2002 | PowerDistance_1965 .2002 (3) | 68 | Hofstede 2005 table 2.1 | ||
| Value achievement (vs ascription) | Opinion of employees. Agreement to statements about: a) act the way you are, b) respect draws on descent, c) life is luck, c) be more gentle with women,d) managers better older, e) older people deserve more respect | 1989 | ValueAchievement_1989 | 40 | Smith 1996 |
| Practice power distance | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticePowerDistance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 17.4b |
| Value power distance | Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValuePowerDistance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 17.4a |
| Difference Value-Practice in powerdistance | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapPD_1996 | 60 | |
| See also Gender equality | |||||
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Value masculinity |
Opinion of employees (1) about ideal job: relative preference for: a) earning, b) recognition, c) advancement, d) challenge. As opposed to: e) good relation with boss, f) cooperation with colleagues, g) nice place to live, h) job security | 1965-69 | ValueMasculinity_1965.69 | 32 | Hofstede 1991 table 4.1 |
| 1965-2002 | ValueMasculinity_1965.2002 (4) | 68 | Hofstede 2005 table 4.1 |
| Variable | Measurement | Era | SPSS code | N | Source |
Uncertainity avoidance
|
Report by employees (1) of: a) job stress, b) agreement with statement that company rules should never be broken even if that is in the companies interest, c) preference for long-term employment
|
1965-69 | UncertainityAvoidance_1965.69 | 32 | Hofstede 1991 table 5.1 |
| 1965-2002 | UncertainityAvoidance_1965.2002 (5) | 68 | Hofstede 2005 table 5.1 | ||
| Value uncertainity avoidance | Opinion middle managers (7) | 1995-97 | ValueUncertaintyAvoidance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 19.8 |
| Practice uncertainty avoidance | Opinion middle managers (8) | 1995-97 | PracticeUncertaintyAvoidance_1996 | 60 | House 2004 table 19.7 |
| Difference Value-Practice in uncertainity avoidance | value score minus practice score | 1999-97 | ValuePracticeGapUA_1996 | 60 |
1) Employees IBM (1965-69), Elites (18 nations in 1990), Employees of multi-national firms (1995 in 28 nations), Pilots (1998 in 19 nations), Consumers (2001 in 14 nations), Bank employees (2002 in 19 nations)
2) Differences in ValueIndividualism_1985 within nations:
-
Score Dutch speaking (Flemish) Belgium exclusive of Walloon = 72.
- Score German speaking Switzerland exclusive of French speakers = 64
3) Differences in PowerDistance_1985 within nations:
-
Score Dutch speaking (Flemish) Belgium exclusive of Walloon = 67
- Score German speakjing Switzerland exclusive of French speakers = 70
4) Differences in ValueMasculinity_1985 within nations:
-
Score Dutch speaking (Flemish) Belgium exclusive of Walloon = 21.
- Score German speaking Switzerland exclusive of French speakers = 58
- Score Canada is total. Score Quebec = 45
5) Differences in ValueUncertainityAvoidance_1985 within nations:
-
Score Dutch speaking (Flemish) Belgium exclusive of Walloon = 93.
- Score German speaking Switzerland exclusive of French speakers = 70
- Score Canada is total. Score Quebec = 60
6) Differences in ValueLongTermOrientation_1990 within nations:
- Score Canada is total. Score Quebec = 30
7)
Response to survey question such as:
- In this society students should be encouraged to strive for .............
- In this organisation employees should be encouraged to strive for..
8) Response to survey questions such as
-
In society
In this society students are encouraged to strive for ..
- In this organisation employees are encouraged to strive for .....
| Related variables: |
Related topics: |
States of Nations is an inventory of country characteristics. It is part of the World Database of Happiness
Keywords added: Cross-national, Culture, Values, Attitudes